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5 steps to writing a clear project brief
Quick, one of your project stakeholders needs an easy way to get a summary of key information about your project… what do you send them?
What is a project brief?
A project brief is a short description of key elements of your project. Think of it as a quick summary for project stakeholders and cross-functional collaborators. Your project brief should communicate your project requirements—without bogging your stakeholders down with too many details.
Like most elements in project management , there’s no one-size-fits-all project brief template or style. The project brief you create will depend on the scope and complexity of your project. For some projects, your brief might be as short as a paragraph, for others, it might get up to a page long.
Plan to create your project brief at the very beginning of your project. If you’re getting started with project management, you may have encountered other elements of early project planning. Here’s how a project brief compares to other project management elements:
Project brief vs. creative brief
Like the name suggests, a creative brief is a guide for a creative project. Your creative brief should include your project audience, messaging and tone, distribution process, project budget, and timeline. If you’re working with an outside agency or creative team, your creative brief might also function as a statement of work (SOW) , which defines the scope of your project and project deliverables.
A project brief is an overview of the key elements of your project. If you’re working on a creative project, your project design might include some elements of your creative brief—like the timeline and project audience—but your project brief should be shorter and simpler than your creative brief.
Project brief vs. project plan
Essentially, your project brief should be a condensed version of your project plan. Your project plan should include seven elements:
Project goals
Success metrics
Stakeholders and roles
Milestones and deliverables
Timeline and schedule
Project communication plan
Your project brief should only include your project objectives, timeline and schedule, target audience , and project scope . Think of your project brief as a shorter document that high-level project stakeholders can read and project team members can check back on frequently.
Project brief vs. executive summary
Whether or not you create a project brief or an executive summary depends on the scope of your project and the stakeholders involved. Just like a project brief, an executive summary is an overview of your project information—but it’s generally geared towards executive stakeholders. If you’re working on an expansive project with high-level executives or if you've drafted a business case for your initiative, consider creating an executive summary. On the other hand, if you’re working on an initiative with cross-functional collaborators, create a project brief.
Key elements of project briefs
Your project brief is an overview of your upcoming project. It should include key information about important project details, so your project team can align and understand what this initiative is about. Typically, your project brief will include four key elements:
Background information
The first part of your project brief should include the project background. The project background section is a space for you to provide any context your stakeholders might not have. Aim to answer questions like:
Why are you working on this project?
What business needs, research, or customer feedback, if any, led to this project?
Do any previous projects relate to this one and, if so, how did they go and what did your team learn?
Project objectives and success metrics
Most of your early project planning documentation should include your project objectives in one form or another. Connecting everyday work to team or company goals helps team members stay motivated, aligned, and on track. In fact, according to the Anatomy of Work Index , team members who understand how their individual work adds value to their organization are 2X as motivated as their counterparts.
Project timeline
Make sure to include your timeline in your project brief. Your project timeline is the best way to give your team a clear idea of key dates and important project milestones . After all, the success of your project depends on whether or not you can stick to your project timeline and deliver your project objectives on time.
Target audience
Your target audience is the reason you’re working on this project. No matter what type of project you’re working on, it’s important to include your target audience in your project brief so everyone on your team is on the same page about who the audience is.
5 steps to writing a clear project brief, with examples
There are four main elements to a project brief, but five steps to actually complete one. If you’re just getting started, don’t be afraid to break your brief into four paragraphs or sections, until weaving the sections together feels more natural. Additionally, feel free to use bullet points, link to other documents, or use any images if necessary. Ultimately, your project brief is only helpful if you (and your project stakeholders) think it is.
1. Add relevant context
The best way to begin your project brief is to add any relevant context or background information. That way, everyone starts the project with equal footing, and any cross-functional stakeholders approach the rest of your project brief (or other process documentation ) with the background information they need.
Let’s say your company has developed a gaming app where people can play virtual games with their friends. In this project, you’re developing a marketing campaign to support the launch of your newest product: an in-app live video experience. To begin your project brief, you might write something like:
Currently, chat is our second most popular feature (first is connecting with friends via email). 84% of users use chat in some capacity. Additionally, in user feedback sessions, 63% of users reported being on a video or voice call with their friends on another platform while using our app. We believe that, by bringing video chat into the app experience itself, we’ll be able to increase retention and potentially upgrade free users to our monthly plan.
2. Bring in project objectives and success metrics
Project objectives are the assets and deliverables you plan to deliver at the end of your project. Good project objectives help you get a clear understanding of your project. Your project objectives will define your success metrics, which helps you evaluate the success of your project once you finish it. Ideally, aim to set SMART project objectives. SMART is an acronym to help you set great goals. It stands for:
Continuing with our video chat example:
Most users have learned to use a different video service while playing on our app. This marketing campaign will educate and promote this new feature, to increase adoption and encourage users to move away from video chat on other platforms and onto our new in-app feature. The project objective is for 40% of users who log in 1X a week to use in-app video chat at least 2X a month by the end of the marketing campaign in late May.
Success criteria:
Achieved: 40%
Almost: 35%
Partial: 30%
Failure: Below 30%
3. Clarify your project timeline
In your project objective, you’ll likely include a date or time range in order for it to hit the “T” in SMART (Time-bound). However, your project timeline is more than just the project duration—your timeline might include key milestones or other important dates.
Project duration: March 15th-May 29th
Key milestones:
March 15th: Kickoff meeting
April 5th: Product team delivers beta version of final video chat product
April 22nd: Initial design assets are in
May 7th: Design assets approved
May 17th: Product finalized & ready to ship
May 29th: Launch day
4. Spotlight your target audience
Knowing your target audience or persona is critical for project success. Your project team needs insight into relevant audience demographics in order to produce the best work possible—which, in our example, is app development for the target audience and a marketing campaign to amplify that launch.
Defining your target audience early can also prevent scope creep —which is when the scope of the project exceeds the initial project objectives or timeline. If you don’t have a clear sense of your target audience, you might end up having to re-work some of your project, which could lead to scope creep in the form of timing delays or budget constraints.
Target audience for this campaign is high school students between the ages of 15 and 18 looking to connect with their friends after school or on the weekend. Target demographic is tech-savvy, but they have very little patience for poor functionality, bugs, or lag.
5. Connect project stakeholders to other resources
Your project brief is nearly finished. Remember: this document is mainly for stakeholders and project team members to align on key details of the project. There may be relevant additional resources, like budget, communication plan, or project roles.
At the end of your project brief, make sure to link to any relevant documentation that your team might need to access. For example, if you’ve already created a project plan, include that at the end. Alternatively you could link to a RACI chart , project proposal , or project roadmap .
For more detailed information, check out our project plan or view our project roadmap .
Project brief example
Your project brief is more than just a few paragraphs with project information. Rather, a project brief is a way to communicate important details and dates to your broader project team. Make sure you package it up in an easy to use, central source of truth. Once you do, it might look something like this:
![[Product UI] Marketing campaign project brief (Project Brief)](https://assets.asana.biz/transform/9cb442ef-c44a-48cf-82bd-b39eb6024d8d/inline-project-planning-project-brief-1-2x?io=transform:fill,width:1680&format=webp "brief vs summary")
Where does a project brief fit in?
There are a lot of elements to project management, and if you’re a new project manager, you might be wondering what, if anything, you need to create. Here’s a short guide of each element, and where it fits in:
Project goals provide a high-level outline of how your project connects to business objectives.
Project objectives are the actual, specific deliverables at the end of a project.
A project roadmap is a high-level overview of your project deliverables, key milestones, and project goals. Project roadmaps are most helpful for complex initiatives.
A kickoff meeting is a meeting at the beginning of your project. Your kickoff meeting is a chance to connect with your project team and key stakeholders to gain buy-in.
Your project plan (sometimes called a project overview) is the information you need to actually start your project.
A project brief is your team’s central source of truth for key project information.
An executive summary is an overview of your project plan for executive-level stakeholders.
Project status reports are progress updates that you (the project manager) should send throughout the course of your project in order to keep your project team on track.
A project post-mortem is a chance to connect with your project team to look back on what worked, what didn’t, and what learnings you can bring to the next project.
In brief, get started with project briefs today
Project briefs are a great way to capture key information for your project and serve it up in an easy-to-access way for all of your project stakeholders. With a project brief, you have a way to give your stakeholders and project team an overview of the project, without overwhelming them.
The only thing that’s better than a great project brief? Managing your project in a work management tool so everyone knows exactly who’s doing what by when. Learn more about using a work management tool like Asana .
Related resources
The best project planning software of 2023
7 steps to crafting a winning event proposal (with template)
4 steps of the PEST analysis process
6 techniques for accurate project estimation
Summary vs. Brief
Summary adjective
Concise, brief or presented in a condensed form
‘A summary review is in the appendix.’;
Brief adjective
Of short duration; happening quickly.
‘Her reign was brief but spectacular.’;
Performed speedily and without formal ceremony.
‘They used summary executions to break the resistance of the people.’;
Concise; taking few words.
‘His speech of acceptance was brief but moving.’;
(legal) Performed by cutting the procedures of a standard and fair trial.
‘Summary justice is bad justice.’;
Occupying a small distance, area or spatial extent; short.
‘Her skirt was extremely brief but doubtless cool.’;
Summary noun
An abstract or a condensed presentation of the substance of a body of material.
(obsolete) Rife; common; prevalent.
Formed into a sum; summed up; reduced into a narrow compass, or into few words; short; brief; concise; compendious; as, a summary statement of facts.
(legal) A writ summoning one to answer to any action.
Hence, rapidly performed; quickly executed; as, a summary process; to take summary vengeance.
(legal) An answer to any action.
A general or comprehensive statement; an abridged account; an abstract, abridgment, or compendium, containing the sum or substance of a fuller account.
(legal) A memorandum of points of fact or of law for use in conducting a case.
a briefstatement that presents the main points in a concise form;
‘he gave a summary of the conclusions’;
A position of interest or advocacy.
performed speedily and without formality;
‘a summary execution’; ‘summary justice’;
(legal) An attorney's legal argument in written form for submission to a court.
briefly giving the gist of something;
‘a short and compendious book’; ‘a compact style is brief and pithy’; ‘succinct comparisons’; ‘a summary formulation of a wide-ranging subject’;
(English law) The material relevant to a case, delivered by a solicitor to the barrister who tries the case.
A short news story or report.
undershorts briefs.
‘I wear boxers under trousers but for sports I usually wear a brief.’;
(obsolete) A summary, précis or epitome; an abridgement or abstract.
A letter patent, from proper authority, authorizing a collection or charitable contribution of money in churches, for any public or private purpose.
(slang) A ticket of any type.
(transitive) To summarize a recent development to some person with decision-making power.
‘The U.S. president was briefed on the military coup and its implications on African stability.’;
To write a legal argument and submit it to a court.
Brief adverb
Soon; quickly.
Short in duration.
‘How brief the life of man.’;
Concise; terse; succinct.
‘The brief style is that which expresseth much in little.’;
Rife; common; prevalent.
‘Adam, faltering long, thus answered brief.’;
A short concise writing or letter; a statement in few words.
‘Bear this sealed brief,With winged hastle, to the lord marshal.’; ‘And she told meIn a sweet, verbal brief.’;
An epitome.
‘Each woman is a brief of womankind.’;
An abridgment or concise statement of a client's case, made out for the instruction of counsel in a trial at law. This word is applied also to a statement of the heads or points of a law argument.
‘It was not without some reference to it that I perused many a brief.’;
A writ; a breve. See Breve, n., 2.
A writ issuing from the chancery, directed to any judge ordinary, commanding and authorizing that judge to call a jury to inquire into the case, and upon their verdict to pronounce sentence.
a type of men's underpants without legs, fitting tightly and held by an elastic waistband; also called Jockey shorts.
To make an abstract or abridgment of; to shorten; as, to brief pleadings.
a document stating the facts and points of law of a client's case
a condensed written summary or abstract
give essential information to someone;
‘The reporters were briefed about the President's plan to invade’;
of short duration or distance;
‘a brief stay in the country’; ‘in a little while’; ‘it's a little way away’;
concise and succinct;
‘covered the matter in a brief statement’;
(of clothing) very short;
‘an abbreviated swimsuit’; ‘a brief bikini’;
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Differences between summary, abstract, overview, and synopsis
Are there subtle differences in meaning between the nouns summary , abstract , overview , and synopsis ?
Which would be the most appropriate term for a one-page "executive summary" of a research report?
From Wiktionary:
- summary : An abstract or a condensed presentation of the substance of a body of material.
- abstract : An abridgement or summary.
- overview : A brief summary, as of a book or a presentation.
- synopsis : A brief summary of the major points of a written work, either as prose or as a table; an abridgment or condensation of a work.
- differences
- Personally I would use 'synopsis' but any of them would work. – WS2 Feb 11, 2014 at 22:30
- Don't forget "précis"! Oh, and "thumbnail sketch," too. Précis certainly has some snob appeal, no? (I mean "Mais oui?") Don – rhetorician Feb 12, 2014 at 0:38
- 1 I like Professor David Barnhill's argument for precis: "A precis is a brief summary of a larger work. The term "abstract" has the same meaning and is much more common, but I prefer the term precis because of its relation to the word "precise," and because of the way the word is pronounced: "pray-see." A precis is a precise condensation of the basic thesis and major points of a paper; it tells the reader the gist of what has been said." uwosh.edu/facstaff/barnhill/490-docs/assignments/precis – Mark D Worthen PsyD Feb 23, 2018 at 0:24
- The difference is context. Context. – Lambie Dec 31, 2019 at 18:56
5 Answers 5
Summary is the most catch-all term of this group, and the one that shows up the most in general everyday English.
Abstract is most commonly used in the scientific context. It is typically a formal requirement for publication, as the initial section of a scientific paper. Often times if you find scientific papers online, it is just the abstract that is available.
Overview is similar in literal meaning to "summary". It has a slight informality to it.
Synopsis again could be exchanged directly for "summary" in most contexts. It has a slightly more formal feel, and shows up in the literature and the arts a bit more frequently than other contexts (e.g., "I just want to read a synopsis of the novel, not the whole thing" sounds a bit better than "summary"). A synopsis is often more detailed than a regular "summary".
Executive Summary shows up most often in a business context, or sometimes also in a political context (e.g., think-tank white papers).
Any of these would probably work in a research report, but it would also depend on the audience. Scientists would probably be most comfortable with "Abstract"; MBAs with "Executive Summary"; for a more general public audience where you want to seem accessible, "Overview". If you're not sure, I can't imagine going wrong with "Summary".
Note that I'm American, so this answer applies most directly to American English.
- 2 This one-page PDF from a community college writing center complements joseph_morris's excellent summary (above). jccc.edu/student-resources/tutors-accessibility/writing-center/… – Mark D Worthen PsyD Mar 7, 2018 at 2:53
- Also, there is somewhat called abrégé , which is placed right after the heading of each chapter. Abrégé is very (not longer then 1/2 of a page, i.e. it is shorter then typical abstract) and describes the chapter instead of document . (Feel free to correct me). – john c. j. Apr 7, 2018 at 22:26
- @johnc.j. As you can see from the Wiktionary article you link, abrégé is only a word in French. If it was an English word as well, it would have a separate listing under "English". – joseph_morris Apr 10, 2018 at 22:39
- It should also be noted that an abstract or an executive summary of a publication is typically set out separately from the rest of it, and is often labelled as such; the other terms can be used for something that is embedded in a larger body of text, without being clearly demarcated (e.g. the first chapter of a book may include a summary or an overview of the book's argument). – jsw29 Dec 30, 2019 at 17:20
synopsis suggests an outline or series of key points, sometimes implying restraint in keeping factual, objective, professional, or formal ("a synopsis of North American flora" or "a synopsis of the novel")
summary implies moving from the specific to the more general or the gist or take-away of something, and it is more likely to include the subjective ("summarized the movie as a bad coming-of-age drama")
overview implies a comprehensive, coherent whole or bird's-eye view ("gave an overview of the project")
abstract and precis both denote that the subject is a text
abstract is commonly used in technical and scientific contexts ("wrote an abstract for a scholarly journal article")
- Welcome to English SE! Could you edit to include citations for these definitions? This site generally prefers well-sourced answers, and unsourced ones may be removed. – Rand al'Thor Aug 7, 2017 at 8:06
- 1 +1 for reminding me of the phrase that I sought: bird's-eye view . Thanks. – Graham Perrin Oct 14, 2017 at 6:56
A little more detail:
The most appropriate term for a one page summary of a research report would normally be "Abstract", as it gives the abstract or high-level information without the details. The body may be labeled as "Detail". (They are essentially opposites, or complements. Abstract:Detail)
If the information is expected to summarize the points upon which a decision is to be made then "Executive Summary", meaning summary of the actionable parts, would be used.
See definitions of "Abstract" and "Executive" for the reasons this is so.
Although summary and synopsis are very close in meaning due to common usage, a summary is supposed to contain conclusions (sum, total) "In summary, therefore, I say to you .." while a synopsis is an overview.
I am an American English speaker.
- Also, there is somewhat called abrégé , which is placed right after the heading of each chapter. Abrégé is very (not longer then 1/2 of a page, i.e. it is shorter then typical abstract) and describes the chapter instead of document . (Feel free to correct me). – john c. j. Apr 7, 2018 at 22:25
None of the earlier answers to this question have cited any authority for the particular distinctions that they make. In case some readers may be interested in reference-work assessments of the relevant differences, I offer discussions from several such works. I should note at the outset that none of them include coverage of overview , although I have no idea why they don't.
James Fernald, Funk & Wagnalls Standard Handbook of Synonyms, Antonyms & Prepositions , revised edition (1947), includes coverage of abstract , summary , and synopsis (along with abbreviation , analysis , compend , compendium , digest , epitome , outline , and précis ) under the category name abridgment . Here is Fernald's coverage of the three terms of special interest:
An outline or synopsis is a kind of sketch closely following the plan [of a book]. An abstract or digest is an independent statement of what the book contains. ... A summary is the most condensed statement of results or conclusions.
This treatment of abstract , summary , and synopsis is identical to the treatment that appears in Fernald's English Synonyms and Antonyms , thirty-first edition (1914). In my view, while the descriptions of abstract and synopsis may still be accurate, the description of summary treats that word far more restrictively than most people do who use it today.
S. I. Hayakawa, Choose the Right Word: A Modern Guide to Synonyms (1968) groups abstract and synopsis (as well as abridgment , digest , outline , and précis ) under the category name summary . Here are the relevant portions of Hayakawa's coverage:
These words refer to a short description of the main points of a longer work or presentation. Summary is the most general of these words, referring to any attempt to condense into as few words as possible an extended train of thought: a day-to-day summary of the proceedings in the murder trial; concluding each chapter with a summary of its main arguments. The word implies a pithy paraphrase, with no attempt to catch the style of the original. Also, the word almost exclusively refers to something that follows after and is based on the extended presentation, or even concludes it—as suggested by the common phrase in speechmaking: in summary . Abstract and précis both refer to summaries written most often by someone other than the original author; hence they are seldom part of the original presentation, though they follow it and are based on it. Like summary , they stress brevity and the schematic representation of essential points with no attempt to preserve flavor. Abstract most specifically refers to a scholarly or legal citation that gives the gist of what may be a complex argument or study: a quarterly containing abstracts of doctoral dissertations in progress; an abstract of the proposed legislation. ... Outline and synopsis relate to précis in that they both retain the point-by-point ordering of the original; they are both most often a skeletal setting down of these points, but may be drawn up either by the author or someone else before, as well as after, the writing of the original. Within these possibilities, outline covers a wider range than synopsis . ... Synopsis usually refers to a plot summary of a piece of fiction. Ordinary prose sentences are most often used, rather than the numbered and lettered list suggested by outline . It may tell in capsule form events treated in a completed work or those planned for a projected work: submitting the first chapter of his novel and a synopsis of the unwritten remainder; writing synopses of novels submitted as candidates for film treatment. The word may also refer to a paragraph that retells previous action and introduces an installment of a serialized work of fiction.
Hayakawa's assessment of how people use summary is seems generally valid for today's usage, although in my experience an "executive summary" physically precedes a full report or article rather than following it.
Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms (1968/1984) omits coverage of both overview and summary , but addresses abstract and synopsis as part of a larger group of words that also includes epitome , brief , and conspectus , under the category name abridgment :
abridgment , abstract , epitome , brief , synopsis , conspectus mean a condensation of a larger work or treatment, usually one already in circulation. ... Abstract implies condensation of a lengthy treatise or of a proposed lengthy treatment and stresses concentration of substance { abstracts of state papers} {an abstract of a lecture} ... Both abstract and epitome are used also in extended senses in reference to persons or things, the former stressing one or other (of the persons or things referred to) as a summary, the latter as a type representing a whole {a man who is the abstract of all faults that all men follow— Shak .} ... Synopsis and conspectus imply the giving of the salient points of a treatise or subject so that it may be quickly comprehended. Synopsis , however, often suggests an outline or coherent series of headings and conspectus a coherent account that gives a bird's-eye view {provide in advance a synopsis of the lectures}
As for overview , its meaning in modern English seems to be very close to that of summary , to judge from its brief entry in Merriam-Webster's Eleventh Collegiate Dictionary (2003):
overview n (1588) : a general survey : SUMMARY
Summary - Its sums up, like a conclusion, and is used at the end of the document. Many people, instead of reading the entire document that is large, refers to the summary.
Abstract - Mostly seen in journals that tells what it is all about, very briefly. Abstract is commonly seen in government orders too. Abstract comes at the start of the document.
Overview - It is a general view; not that analytical, and is often the beginning of an analysis.
Synopsis - Is a brief version of the manuscript which is sent to a publisher, on the basis of which the write-up/ manuscript is chosen.
Though all these refer to concise/abridged version of a manuscript, the purposes are different.
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What is the difference between summary and brief and article ?Feel free to just provide example sentences.
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Each of these overlap quite a bit, I can see how they'd be confusing to differentiate. - A summary is a presentation that has been condensed down to it's main points. For example, when you take notes for a class you are summarizing the subject you're learning. - A brief is a short and concise body of work, or a short outline of an argument or statement (common in legal situations). For example, an attorney would get a brief of a client's case before they represent them. - An article is a nonfictional literary body of work. For example, what you read in newspapers and magazines, those are articles. However, brief and article have different meanings as well. Brief can also mean short and concise. "Give a brief statement." Article can also mean an individual or particular thing. "An article of clothing is on the floor."
I have superb to article.
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- What does brief mean? answer Brief means quick or short. (Example: the men had a brief meeting before returning to work.)
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What's the difference between brief and summary ?
Definition:
- (a.) Short in duration.
- (a.) Concise; terse; succinct.
- (a.) Rife; common; prevalent.
- (adv.) Briefly.
- (adv.) Soon; quickly.
- (a.) A short concise writing or letter; a statement in few words.
- (a.) An epitome.
- (a.) An abridgment or concise statement of a client's case, made out for the instruction of counsel in a trial at law. This word is applied also to a statement of the heads or points of a law argument.
- (a.) A writ; a breve. See Breve, n., 2.
- (n.) A writ issuing from the chancery, directed to any judge ordinary, commanding and authorizing that judge to call a jury to inquire into the case, and upon their verdict to pronounce sentence.
- (n.) A letter patent, from proper authority, authorizing a collection or charitable contribution of money in churches, for any public or private purpose.
- (v. t.) To make an abstract or abridgment of; to shorten; as, to brief pleadings.
Example Sentences:
- (1) The following is a brief review of the history, mechanism of action, and potential adverse effects of neuromuscular blockers.
- (2) This article is intended as a brief practical guide for physicians and physiotherapists concerned with the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
- (3) Brief treadmill exercise tests showed appropriate rate response to increased walking speed and gradient.
- (4) In addition to the phase diagrams reported here for these two binary mixtures, a brief theoretical discussion is given of other possible phase diagrams that may be appropriate to other lipid mixtures with particular consideration given to the problem of crystalline phases of different structures and the possible occurrence of second-order phase transitions in these mixtures.
- (5) The introduction of intravenous, high-dose thrombolytic therapy during a brief period has markedly reduced mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction.
- (6) Though the 54-year-old designer made brief returns to the limelight after his fall from grace, designing a one-off collection for Oscar de la Renta last year , his appointment at Margiela marks a more permanent comeback.
- (7) The present status of percutaneous coronary angioplasty is presented, with a brief outline of current technique, the technical and clinical indications for the method, and the results being obtained.
- (8) It is suitable either for brief sampling of AP durations when recording with microelectrodes, which may impale cells intermittently, or for continuous monitoring, as with suction electrodes on intact beating hearts in situ.
- (9) We found no statistically significant difference in one-year, biochemically validated, sustained cessation rates between the group offered the long-term follow-up visits (12.5%) and the group given the brief intervention (10.2%).
- (10) If anyone should have been briefed on Prism and Tempora, it should have been the NSC.
- (11) A subgroup of 40 patients was asked to complete a brief survey on medical care information and satisfaction.
- (12) It will act as a further disincentive for women to seek help.” When Background Briefing visited Catherine Haven in February, the refuge looked deserted, and most of its rooms were empty, despite the town having one of the highest domestic violence rates in the state.
- (13) Technically speaking, this modality of brief psychotherapy is based on the nonuse of transferential interpretations, on impeding the regression od the patient, on facilitating a cognitice-affective development of his conflicts and thus obtain an internal object mutation which allows the transformation of the "past" into true history, and the "present" into vital perspectives.
- (14) So the government wants a “root and branch” review to decide whether the BBC has “been chasing mass ratings at the expense of its original public service brief” ( BBC faces ‘root and branch’ review of its size and remit , 13 July).
- (15) Brief digestion at neutral pH without reduction produced a molecule in which the Fab and Fc fragments were still linked by a pair of labile disulphide bridges, and the Fc fragment released by cleaving these bonds, called 1Fc fragment, contained a portion of the ;hinge' region including an interchain disulphide bridge.
- (16) A brief review of the last decade or so of developments in health politics, policy and law suggests that health is no longer a field of mere "dynamics without change."
- (17) Sharif Mobley, 30, whose lawyers consider him to be disappeared, managed to call his wife in Philadelphia on Thursday, the first time they had spoken since February and a rare independent proof he is alive since a brief phone call with his mother in July.
- (18) This review of androgenetic alopecia (AA) in women provides a summary of hair physiology and biochemistry, a general discussion of AA, and a brief description of other types of hair loss in women.
- (19) They’re putting on a heavy sales job as one would expect,” Texas representative Mac Thornberry, the Republican who chairs the House armed services committee, told reporters upon leaving one of the briefings.
- (20) A U-shaped second-grade polynomic relationship (R = 0.69) was found between steady state of haloperidol and percentage improvement in total score on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
- (a.) Formed into a sum; summed up; reduced into a narrow compass, or into few words; short; brief; concise; compendious; as, a summary statement of facts.
- (a.) Hence, rapidly performed; quickly executed; as, a summary process; to take summary vengeance.
- (a.) A general or comprehensive statement; an abridged account; an abstract, abridgment, or compendium, containing the sum or substance of a fuller account.
- (1) In summary, GABAergic tone did not effect basal acid secretion in anesthetized rats.
- (2) The key warning from the Fed chair A summary of Bernanke's hearing Earlier... MPs in London quizzed the Bank of England on Libor.
- (3) The summary statistics examined are (a) the slope of the least-squares regression of the marker, (b) the average of the last r measurements, and (c) the difference between the averages of the last r and the first s measurements.
- (4) Hospital discharge summary data were used to identify and study all 2,870 Rhode Island residents hospitalized in-state with head injuries during 1979 and 1980.
- (5) This review of androgenetic alopecia (AA) in women provides a summary of hair physiology and biochemistry, a general discussion of AA, and a brief description of other types of hair loss in women.
- (6) Russia's most widely watched television station, state-controlled Channel One, followed a bulletin about his death with a summary of the crimes he is accused of committing, including the siphoning of millions of dollars from national airline Aeroflot.
- (7) In summary, these studies show: 1) that the H-35 cell IGF-II receptor is synthesized first as a 245-kDa precursor having 4-6 high-mannose oligosaccharide side chains, 2) processing of the receptor oligosaccharides by mannose removal and terminal sialylation converts the 245-kDa precursor to the 250-kDa mature product which has been previously identified as the functional receptor in the plasma membrane, 3) the apparent molecular mass of the receptor in the absence of N-glycosylation is 232-kDa, and 4) glycosylation of the IGF-II receptor is required for the acquisition of IGF-II binding activity.
- (8) It was a waspish summary in which he noted that, while Pope Francis "may have renounced his own infallibility", Margaret Thatcher never did.
- (9) In summary, the risk of uterine rupture in patients who have previously undergone cesarean section but are allowed a trial of labor is low and not associated with serious complications.
- (10) The summary adjusted relative risk for a Down syndrome livebirth for all those of North African or Asian origin, compared to those for women of European origin, was about 1.56.
- (11) Sixty-one percent of all discharge summaries omitted the diagnosis of diabetes.
- (12) In summary, we have isolated a novel inositol phospholipid in rat brain, PIP3, the parent compound for inositol tetrakisphosphate (IP4).
- (13) Results of analyses for cell surface antigens on lymphocytes and for cellular DNA content were reported to the College of American Pathologists Computer Center and the summary data were mailed to participants.
- (14) In summary, the present results indicate that both the vasodilator and systolic pressor responses to adrenaline are enhanced in endurance-trained subjects.
- (15) 9.59am GMT Summary We’ll leave you with a summary of what transpired here throughout the day: • Julia Gillard announced a contest for her position as prime minister following calls by Simon Crean, a senior minister in her government, for her to be replaced by her predecessor, Kevin Rudd • Shortly before the ballot was to take place Kevin Rudd announced he would not stand for the Labor Party leadership , re-iterating his promise to the Australian people that he would not challenge Julia Gillard • When it came time for the ballot, Gillard was the only person who stood for the leadership and she and her deputy Wayne Swan were elected unopposed .
- (16) In summary, we found that LY253963 inhibited influenza A and B virus replication in several cell types, but that it was associated with cytostatic effects at low concentrations.
- (17) The study outcome of primary interest was the radiologist's report of the adequacy of examination as indicated in the written summary of the results of the barium enema procedure.
- (18) During those conversations, Monaco underscored US support for Yemen, according to White House summaries.
- (19) Updated at 7.42pm BST 7.19pm BST Summary Here's a summary of Obama's statement and Q&A: President Obama said that to avoid 'the abyss', Iraq must form a new, inclusive government.
- (20) Depressed patients who received ECT had more temporal horn atrophy and greater subcortical abnormality summary scores than normal subjects.
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Difference Between
Difference Between Summary and Executive Summary
June 5, 2011 Posted by Aron
Summary vs Executive Summary
Summary and Executive summary are two terms that are used quite often in education and business areas differently. A summary is a short or a brief account, sometimes elaborate too of the various events of a play. An executive summary on the other hand is a term used in business for a short document that summarizes a longer report, especially a business report.
An executive summary is normally a condensed version of the full business document. Hence it needs skill on the part of the writer to execute an executive summary. On the other hand a summary should give salient features of any given aspect of a novel, or a short story or a play. This is the difference between a summary and an executive summary.
You can write a summary of any particular episode of a novel or any other fiction written by Jane Austen. The particular summary should contain the various events of the episode in a nutshell or briefly. On the other hand an executive summary should be written in non-technical language. This is the main difference between the two.
An executive summary should necessarily have a conclusion. On the other hand a conclusion is not necessary while writing a summary of a play or any scene of a play. An executive summary should ultimately make a business recommendation. No such intention is included in the writing of a summary.
An executive summary should contain short and concise paragraphs. On the other hand a summary need not have short and concise paragraphs. On the contrary it can have long paragraphs too. A summary aims at presenting the salient points of any given essay. It is a shorter form of a longer essay. These are the differences between the two terms, namely, a summary and an executive summary.
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What's the difference between and
Synonyms of summary
- as in outline
- as in concise
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Thesaurus Definition of summary
(Entry 1 of 2)
Synonyms & Similar Words
- summarization
- recapitulation
- encapsulation
- summing - up
- run - through
- condensation
- curtailment
- abbreviation
- simplification
- streamlining
- abridgement
Antonyms & Near Antonyms
- amplification
- enlargement
Thesaurus Definition of summary (Entry 2 of 2)
- telegraphic
- compendious
- epigrammatic
- monosyllabic
- sententious
- apothegmatic
- abbreviated
- substantial
- significant
- well - turned
- circumlocutory
- repetitious
- long - winded
- tautological
- tautologous
- exaggerated
- supplemented
- embroidered
- embellished
Synonym Chooser
How does the adjective summary contrast with its synonyms?
Some common synonyms of summary are compendious , concise , laconic , pithy , succinct , and terse . While all these words mean "very brief in statement or expression," summary suggests the statement of main points with no elaboration or explanation.
When would compendious be a good substitute for summary ?
The words compendious and summary are synonyms, but do differ in nuance. Specifically, compendious applies to what is at once full in scope and brief and concise in treatment.
When is concise a more appropriate choice than summary ?
In some situations, the words concise and summary are roughly equivalent. However, concise suggests the removal of all that is superfluous or elaborative.
When is it sensible to use laconic instead of summary ?
While in some cases nearly identical to summary , laconic implies brevity to the point of seeming rude, indifferent, or mysterious.
How does the word pithy relate to other synonyms for summary ?
Pithy adds to succinct or terse the implication of richness of meaning or substance.
When might succinct be a better fit than summary ?
The meanings of succinct and summary largely overlap; however, succinct implies the greatest possible compression.
When can terse be used instead of summary ?
The words terse and summary can be used in similar contexts, but terse implies pointed conciseness.
Thesaurus Entries Near summary
summarizing
Cite this Entry
“Summary.” Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/summary. Accessed 6 Mar. 2023.
More from Merriam-Webster on summary
Nglish: Translation of summary for Spanish Speakers
Britannica English: Translation of summary for Arabic Speakers
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A Guide to Project Briefs: What They Are and How to Write One
Smartsheet Contributor Kate Eby
August 10, 2022
A project brief is helpful for sharing high-level project details with your stakeholders. We’ll teach you the best practices for writing one and how they differ from other, similar documents.
In this article, you’ll learn how to write a project brief and find helpful tips and best practices , as well as a downloadable template starter kit to get you up and running.
What Is a Project Brief?
A project brief is a short summary of the basic elements of a project. A brief allows teams to share project goals, strategies, and timelines with stakeholders. A brief should be a high-level overview and leave out unnecessary details.
A project brief is not as detailed as a project plan, but it includes similar information. For this reason, project managers should create a brief only after they’ve finalized the details of their project. Your brief acts as a straightforward summary of your project plan and is intended for clients and stakeholders. Think of the brief as a sound bite taken from a larger presentation.
Project briefs will vary in length but will generally be somewhere between one paragraph and one page long. A brief should always be as up to date as possible and be refreshed if and when project details change.
What Is the Purpose of a Project Brief?
Project managers use project briefs to share the most essential information with clients and stakeholders. A brief answers broad questions about project goals, timing, and strategy. It should not include every detail from the project plan.
A project brief is a snapshot of more complicated documents, such as project plans . Often, stakeholders only need to know what the team aims to accomplish and how long it will take. Briefs can be useful when communicating with clients for the same reason: Clients don’t necessarily need all the details about how their request will be carried out; they just need the broad strokes.
A project brief can also be adapted for use in presentations or kickoff meetings . Use them to summarize a project quickly and condense information into a few bullets on a single slide. Rewrite your brief in the past tense to create a testimonial or quick case study of completed projects, and share it with potential clients or investors.
Who Writes a Project Brief?
The project manager writes a brief after finalizing certain project details. They should work with the team and stakeholders to determine the goals, timing, and strategy of the project. Then they can summarize them in a project brief.
Before writing a project brief, you must know certain details about the project. You should know the goals of the project, how the team plans to achieve those goals, the value the project will add to the company, and the projected start and end dates.
Project Brief Elements
The three major elements of a project brief are a project overview, a goal statement, and an estimated timeline. A brief might also include background information, success metrics, and the project’s target market.
While the contents of a project brief might change based on your stakeholder's priorities and the size of the project, all project briefs should include the following elements:
- Overview: The project overview summarizes what the project entails, the problems it hopes to solve, and how the team plans to solve them. Outline the efforts needed to complete the project, as well as the strategies and project management methodology you will use to structure the project.
- Goals: Your brief should concretely state the project’s objective , including all goals and deliverables.
- Timeline: Include a projected start and end date for the project, as well as the predicted timing of major project phases and deliverables.
For larger projects or for certain audiences, you might also want to include the following elements in your project brief:
- Necessary Background Information: For an audience that may not be familiar with your team or your company, it might be worth providing background information on the project. Explain the story: Tell the audience why you are taking on the project and what problems it will solve. If it is related to previous or ongoing projects or product lines, include a sentence or two explaining those as well.
- Success Metrics: A project brief might be a good place to define specific metrics for a project, especially if the project is a new undertaking for the company.
- Target Audience: Creative and marketing projects should always highlight the target audience in a project brief, but other types of projects might benefit from doing this as well.
- Budget Information: Depending on how you are using your project brief and who your stakeholders are, you might also include a summary of the budget for your project.
How to Write a Project Brief
To write a project brief, summarize your project overview, timeline, and scope statement in a single page. You might also want to include success metrics and background information, as well as identify your target audience.
A project brief is a short document and should be between a single paragraph and a single page in length. Separate information into labeled sections, and write simply and clearly so that anyone can understand. If your brief is digital, include links to more detailed project documents, such as your project plan and project schedule . You might consider using a project brief template to get up and running quickly.
To create your own project brief, follow the steps below:
- Finalize Your Project Plan: Your project brief requires information from your project plan, so you should complete your plan first. Once you finalize your plan, which includes a project overview, schedule, and scope statement, you can begin summarizing this information in your project brief.
- Start with Identifying Information: At the top of your brief, write the name of the project, the name of the project manager, the members of the team, and the key stakeholders and clients. If your brief is digital, include a link to your communication plan .
- Write a Short Project Overview: Give the reader an overview of the project and the value it will add. For larger projects, you might include necessary background information and success metrics. If the project is customer-facing, identify your target audience.
- Identify the Project Goals: State the project’s goals, deliverables, and expected outcomes.
- Summarize Your Schedule: Give the reader an idea of the timeframe of your project. Identify the project’s start and end dates, as well as any expected deadlines for major project phases and deliverables.
- Consider Including Additional Elements: If your sponsors or stakeholders have asked for additional information to be included in your brief, make sure to do so. Additional items might include budget information, background information on the company or project, or any other project details that may be helpful to a casual reader.
- Share Additional Resources: Give readers the ability to find out more information. Include links to your project plan, team dashboards, and schedules when relevant. This will limit the time you spend fielding questions from stakeholders who want to learn more.
Project Brief Example
Download a Project Brief Example for Microsoft Excel | Microsoft Word | Google Docs | Google Sheets
This project brief example template is pre-filled with sample text to help contextualize the information included in a brief. This single-page template is completely editable and customizable so that you can include all the information you need in your project brief. It includes spaces to insert an overview of the purpose and goals of the project, timeframe and budget information, and additional comments and links.
Project Brief Starter Kit
Download Project Brief Starter Kit
We’ve assembled this starter kit to help you write a short but thorough project brief. We’ve collected everything you need to create the most important elements of a brief. These templates are completely customizable to suit any business use case. Download each template individually or as a complete set.
Included in this kit, you’ll find:
- A project overview and scope template for Microsoft Word to help identify your project’s goals, major tasks, and scope.
- A project timeline template for Microsoft Excel to map out and plan your project tasks, phases, and due dates for deliverables.
- A blank copy of the project brief template for Microsoft Word to bring all of this information together into a shareable, single-page document.
For more help with project planning and briefs for all types of projects, check out these collections of project planning and project brief templates .
Best Practices for Writing a Good Project Brief
Writing a good project brief begins with knowing all of your project information. Keep your brief concise, use clear language, and provide all the information your audience needs to understand your project. Include links to more detailed documents.
We’ve outlined some best practices for writing a good project brief below:
- Finalize Project Details First: Your project brief includes information about how and why a project operates and should be completed only after your project details are finalized.
- Be Concise: A project brief should be no more than one page long. You can make documents with additional details available upon request.
- Keep it High Level: Your brief is a summary of the highest-level elements of your project. It should cover surface information without going into unnecessary details.
- Provide Context: A casual reader should be able to understand your project brief. If an element needs context, spend a sentence or two explaining it.
- Use Clear Formatting: Use a template, or format your document to make for easy reading. Each section should be clearly marked, and information should be easy to find on the page.
- Know Your Audience: A project brief may change based on its intended audience. A brief for marketing purposes would probably highlight the successes and innovations of a project, whereas a brief for internal stakeholders might prioritize scheduling and budget information.
- Make Updates When Information Changes: Your brief should always accurately reflect the project. If project details change, be sure your brief reflects those changes.
- Link to More Detailed Information: If your brief is digital, include links to more detailed project information. This way, your readers can access more information without disrupting your work.
Project Brief vs. Creative Brief
A project brief outlines the high-level details of a project, while a creative brief provides requirement details to a creative team. Creative briefs often include input from a client, whereas a project brief is a summary of a project plan.
Customers usually help make a creative brief, which the team or creative agency then approves. With a project brief, however, the project manager will create the document and send it to the client in order to give them a sense of how the team will accomplish the project goals.
Project Brief vs. Executive Summary
A project brief is a summary for a general audience, while an executive summary focuses on details important to stakeholders at the executive level. This document includes such details as budget information, resource use, and project benefits.
A project brief and an executive summary are similar. The major difference is the intended audience. If you are working on a large-scale project or one that is of particular interest to one or more executives, create an executive summary. However, a general project brief might be more appropriate when the project is smaller in scope and is not an executive pet project.
Project Brief vs. Project Plan
A project brief is a concise, high-level summary of your project plan that teams share with stakeholders. A brief only includes essential project information. A project plan, however, includes detailed information about all project elements.
A project plan is a multipage document that outlines and defines a project in its entirety. It includes detailed information on budgets, resources needed, schedules for deadlines and deliverables, task assignments, and more. A project brief outlines the most important, high-level information from a project plan and packages it in a scannable format.
Project Brief vs. Business Case
A business case outlines the reasons for taking on a project and how it will benefit the business. A project brief might include these details, in addition to information about the project’s timeline, goals, and scope.
A business case is useful for presenting project information to executives who care primarily about its impact on the business as a whole. A brief is more useful to stakeholders who might interact with the project on a more familiar basis.
Project Brief vs. Project Charter
A project charter contains detailed project information that has not yet been approved or developed into a full project plan. A project brief summarizes the overview, scope, and timeline information found in the finalized project plan.
A project charter should outline a project for formal review by a project’s sponsor during the initiation phase of project planning. It includes project information that hasn’t yet been hammered out. A project brief should include only objectively true, finalized information about how a project will proceed.
Project Brief vs. Project Roadmap
A project roadmap focuses on a project’s key deliverables and timeline. A project brief includes timeline information and an overview of the project’s strategy and goals.
A project roadmap is a useful tool to visualize a project’s deadlines and deliverables.
To learn more, check out this guide to creating and using project roadmaps in project management.
Get the Most Out of Your Project Briefs with Smartsheet
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Summary, Overview, and Review
A reader asks about the differences between summary , review , and overview . Editor Kory Stamper explains.
These three words are often used interchangeably, but they have slightly different connotations.
Summary is the broadest of the three. It refers to a short restatement of the main points of an argument, paper, lecture, etc. and especially a restatement used for better understanding, easier remembering, or showing how points relate to each other. It tends to be used most in academic contexts, but is also used quite a bit in magazines and newspapers.
Overview also refers to a restatement of the main points of something but has a more general connotation than summary . It tends to be used in academic contexts more than summary and has less general use in newspapers and magazines than summary does. But it is not formal: it also appears in spoken English more often than summary does.
Review is the narrowest of the three words and has several meanings. The first (and one of the most common) meanings of review is "a report giving someone's opinion about someone or something." This is used in both informal contexts ("movie reviews ") and formal contexts ("This policy is under review ."). This sense of review is also used in the name of magazines and academic journals that are full of these sorts of opinions ("Law Review ", "The Annual Review of Biology").
The second use of review refers to a class, lecture, book, etc. that is meant to give you a very broad introduction to a subject ("a review of 19th century literature"). This use appears primarily in academic and formal contexts.
The third use of review is only found in American English and refers to studying information you have already studied before ("Do a review of Chapter 7 for the test."). This is the equivalent of the British word revision and it appears in informal and classroom contexts.
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OTHER WORDS FOR summary
Origin of summary, synonym study for summary, historical usage of summary, other words from summary, words nearby summary, words related to summary, how to use summary in a sentence.
That distinction is as pat a summary of the moment as you’ll find.
Hoffman said that the public can still access portions of a petitioner’s court file, including summaries of expert opinions about why the person is safe be released.
Once you’ve made your choices, click Next and then Reset on the summary screens.
Keep in mind that any particular score is a summary of other metrics you should look to find activity preceding or lining up with a failing score milestone in order to figure out what might be causing the problem.
He began his affiliation with McWilliams Ballard in 2000, according to a career summary of Rieschick’s tenure with the real estate company published on its website.
He and other Taliban sources claim that in Karachi as many as 50 to 60 Taliban are given summary executions each month.
But the lawyer deleted that line from the final version of the summary .
You should look at our summary of benefits,” she continued, directing me to a handy online chart of “coverage examples.
Instead, the Lift monitors posture all day long and gives a daily summary of performance.
We see them for a few minutes, then pen a quick summary and leave directions for the nurses to follow.
This appears to me a very convenient and sufficient summary of all I am to tell.
The following table contains a summary of the composition of ten different animals in different stages of fattening.
Malcolm gave Saumarez a summary of affairs in the Northwest Provinces as they rode on ahead of the troop.
She felt that her summary was precipitate, and drawing herself up defiantly looked hard at Mrs. Leslie.
Accordingly, in the next seven stanzas, we have a fair summary of the general contents of the Somnium Scipionis.
British Dictionary definitions for summary
Derived forms of summary, word origin for summary.
Daily Writing Tips
Paraphrase vs. summary.
A reader asks for clarification of the difference between a paraphrase and a summary :
I was in a large classroom with other teachers when the science teacher told the students to read a 2-page article and then to “paraphrase it [in] three sentences.” What the teacher should have said was to “summarize” the article in that length, whereas a paraphrase is not necessarily a shortening of an article but a rewording.
The reader is correct.
A summary is a brief summing up of the main points of a statement or narrative.
A paraphrase is the rewording of something written or spoken, especially with the aim of making the sense clearer. A paraphrase may be longer, shorter, or of the same length as the original passage.
I’ll give examples of each, using familiar sources.
Summary of the film The Wizard of Oz (1939) When her Kansas farmhouse is swept up by a tornado and falls into an enchanted land called Oz, killing a witch, Dorothy Gale incurs the wrath of the dead witch’s sister. Befriended by a scarecrow, a tin man, and a lion, she survives the witch’s attempts to kill her and succeeds in returning to her home in Kansas.
Paraphrase of the “To be or not to be” soliloquy in Hamlet , Act III, scene 1. The question facing me is, “Should I go on living or kill myself?” Would it be more virtuous to put up with my problems or end them by suicide? Dying is like a final sleep, a sleep that puts an end to the troubles that living entails, a desirable final resolution to it all. But what if the sleep of death brings dreams? There’s the catch. Death may be scarier than life. That’s why a long life is a bad thing. Nobody would be willing to suffer all the pain and humiliation of living year after year knowing that he could be rid of it all with a dagger thrust. The only reason people don’t escape the misery of living by killing themselves is that they’re afraid the afterlife will be worse. Because we don’t know what happens after death, we choose to put up with our problems rather than face the unknown. Even if a person decides to kill himself, thinking about the unknown consequences makes him change his mind and go on living.
Both skills, summary and paraphrase, are extremely useful. They do require practice.
Related post: The Whys and Hows of Paraphrasing
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Policy Briefs
What this handout is about.
This handout will offer tips for writing effective policy briefs. Be sure to check with your instructor about his/her specific expectations for your assignment.
What are policy briefs?
Imagine that you’re an elected official serving on a committee that sets the standards cars must meet to pass a state inspection. You know that this is a complex issue, and you’d like to learn more about existing policies, the effects of emissions on the environment and on public health, the economic consequences of different possible approaches, and more–you want to make an informed decision. But you don’t have time to research all of these issues! You need a policy brief.
A policy brief presents a concise summary of information that can help readers understand, and likely make decisions about, government policies. Policy briefs may give objective summaries of relevant research, suggest possible policy options, or go even further and argue for particular courses of action.
How do policy briefs differ from other kinds of writing assignments?
You may encounter policy brief assignments in many different academic disciplines, from public health and environmental science to education and social work. If you’re reading this handout because you’re having your first encounter with such an assignment, don’t worry–many of your existing skills and strategies, like using evidence , being concise , and organizing your information effectively , will help you succeed at this form of writing. However, policy briefs are distinctive in several ways.
In some of your college writing, you’ve addressed your peers, your professors, or other members of your academic field. Policy briefs are usually created for a more general reader or policy maker who has a stake in the issue that you’re discussing.
Tone and terminology
Many academic disciplines discourage using unnecessary jargon, but clear language is especially important in policy briefs. If you find yourself using jargon, try to replace it with more direct language that a non-specialist reader would be more likely to understand. When specialized terminology is necessary, explain it quickly and clearly to ensure that your reader doesn’t get confused.
Policy briefs are distinctive in their focus on communicating the practical implications of research to a specific audience. Suppose that you and your roommate both write research-based papers about global warming. Your roommate is writing a research paper for an environmental science course, and you are writing a policy brief for a course on public policy. You might both use the exact same sources in writing your papers. So, how might those papers differ?
Your roommate’s research paper is likely to present the findings of previous studies and synthesize them in order to present an argument about what we know. It might also discuss the methods and processes used in the research.
Your policy brief might synthesize the same scientific findings, but it will deploy them for a very specific purpose: to help readers decide what they should do. It will relate the findings to current policy debates, with an emphasis on applying the research outcomes rather than assessing the research procedures. A research paper might also suggest practical actions, but a policy brief is likely to emphasize them more strongly and develop them more fully.
To support these changes in audience, tone, and purpose, policy briefs have a distinctive format. You should consult your assignment prompt and/or your professor for instructions about the specific requirements of your assignment, but most policy briefs have several features in common. They tend to use lots of headings and have relatively short sections. This structure differs from many short papers in the humanities that may have a title but no further headings, and from reports in the sciences that may follow the “IMRAD” structure of introduction, methods, results, and discussion. Your brief might include graphs, charts, or other visual aids that make it easier to digest the most important information within sections. Policy briefs often include some of these sections:
- Title: A good title quickly communicates the contents of the brief in a memorable way.
- Executive Summary: This section is often one to two paragraphs long; it includes an overview of the problem and the proposed policy action.
- Context or Scope of Problem: This section communicates the importance of the problem and aims to convince the reader of the necessity of policy action.
- Policy Alternatives: This section discusses the current policy approach and explains proposed options. It should be fair and accurate while convincing the reader why the policy action proposed in the brief is the most desirable.
- Policy Recommendations: This section contains the most detailed explanation of the concrete steps to be taken to address the policy issue.
- Appendices: If some readers might need further support in order to accept your argument but doing so in the brief itself might derail the conversation for other readers, you might include the extra information in an appendix.
- Consulted or Recommended Sources: These should be reliable sources that you have used throughout your brief to guide your policy discussion and recommendations.
Depending on your specific topic and assignment, you might combine sections or break them down into several more specific ones.
How do I identify a problem for my policy brief?
An effective policy brief must propose a solution to a well-defined problem that can be addressed at the level of policy. This may sound easy, but it can take a lot of work to think of a problem in a way that is open to policy action.
For example, “bad spending habits in young adults” might be a problem that you feel strongly about, but you can’t simply implement a policy to “make better financial decisions.” In order to make it the subject of a policy brief, you’ll need to look for research on the topic and narrow it down. Is the problem a lack of financial education, predatory lending practices, dishonest advertising, or something else? Narrowing to one of these (and perhaps further) would allow you to write a brief that can propose concrete policy action.
For another example, let’s say that you wanted to address children’s health. This is a big issue, and too broad to serve as the focus of a policy brief, but it could serve as a starting point for research. As you begin to research studies on children’s health, you might decide to zoom in on the more specific issue of childhood obesity. You’ll need to consult the research further to decide what factors contribute to it in order to propose policy changes. Is it lack of exercise, nutritional deficiencies, a combination of these, or something else? Choosing one or another of these issues, your brief would zoom in even further to specific proposals that might include exercise initiatives, nutritional guidelines, or school lunch programs.
The key is that you define the problem and its contributing factors as specifically as possible so that some sort of concrete policy action (at the local, state, or national level) is feasible.
Framing the issue
Once you’ve identified the problem for yourself, you need to decide how you will present it to your reader. Your own process of identifying the problem likely had some stops, starts, and dead-ends, but your goal in framing the issue for your reader is to provide the most direct path to understanding the problem and the proposed policy change. It can be helpful to think of some of the most pressing questions your audience will have and attempt to preemptively answer those questions. Here are some questions you might want to consider:
What is the problem?
Understanding what the problem is, in the clearest terms possible, will give your reader a reference point. Later, when you’re discussing complex information, your reader can refer back to the initial problem. This will help to ‘anchor’ them throughout the course of your argument. Every piece of information in the brief should be clearly and easily connected to the problem.
What is the scope of the problem?
Knowing the extent of the problem helps to frame the policy issue for your reader. Is the problem statewide, national, or international? How many people does this issue affect? Daily? Annually? This is a great place for any statistical information you may have gathered through your research.
Who are the stakeholders?
Who does this issue affect? Adult women? College-educated men? Children from bilingual homes? The primary group being affected is important, and knowing who this group is allows the reader to assign a face to the policy issue.
Policy issues can include a complex network of stakeholders. Double check whether you have inadvertently excluded any of them from your analysis. For example, a policy about children’s nutrition obviously involves the children, but it might also include food producers, distributors, parents, and nutritionists (and other experts). Some stakeholders might be reluctant to accept your policy change or even acknowledge the existence of the problem, which is why your brief must be convincing in its use of evidence and clear in its communication.
Effective policy-writing
This handout has emphasized that good policy briefs are clear, concise, and focused on applying credible research to policy problems. Let’s take a look at two versions of the introduction to a policy brief to see how someone might write and revise to achieve these qualities:
A “not-so-good” policy brief
Adolescents’ Dermatologic Health in Outlandia: A Call to Action
The Report on Adolescents’ Dermatologic Health in Outlandia (2010), issued by Secretary of Health Dr. Polly Galver, served as a platform to increase public awareness on the importance of dermatologic health for adolescents. Among the major themes of the report are that dermatologic health is essential to general health and well-being and that profound and consequential dermatologic health disparities exist in the state of Outlandia. Dr. Galver stated that what amounts to a silent epidemic of acne is affecting some population groups–restricting activities as schools, work, and home–and often significantly diminishing the quality of life. Dr. Galver issued the Report on Adolescents’ Dermatologic Health as a wake-up call to policymakers and health professionals on issues regarding the state’s dermatologic health. (“ Not so good policy brief ,” Reproduced with permission of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.)
This paragraph introduces a relevant and credible source, but it fails to use that source to explain a problem and propose policy action. The reader is likely to be confused because the word “acne” does not appear until the middle of the paragraph, and the brief never states what action should be taken to address it. In addition to this lack of focus, the paragraph also includes unnecessary phrases like “among the major themes” that could be removed to make it more concise.
A better policy brief
Seeing Spots: Addressing the Silent Epidemic of Acne in Outlandia’s Youth
Acne is the most common chronic disease among adolescents in Outlandia (Outlandia Department of Health, 2010). Long considered a benign rite of passage, acne actually has far-reaching effects on the health and well being of adolescents, significantly affecting success in school, social relationships, and general quality of life. Yet large portions of the state’s population are unable to access treatment for acne. The Secretary of Health’s Report on Adolescents’ Dermatologic Health in Outlandia (2010) is a call to action for policymakers and health professionals to improve the health and wellbeing of Outlandia’s youth by increasing access to dermatologic care (“ A Better Policy Brief” , Reproduced with permission of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.)
This paragraph is far more focused and concise than the first version. The opening sentence is straightforward; instead of focusing on the source, it makes a clear and memorable point that is supported by the source. Additionally, though the first version was titled “a call to action,” it did not actually say what that action might be. In this version, it is clear that the call is for increased access to dermatologic care.
Keep in mind that clarity, conciseness, and consistent focus are rarely easy to achieve in a first draft. Careful editing and revision are key parts of writing policy briefs.
Works consulted
We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.
Smith, Catherine F. 2016. Writing Public Policy , 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Young, Eoin, and Lisa Quinn. n.d. “The Policy Brief.” University of Delaware. Accessed June 24, 2019. https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blog.lrei.org/dist/c/104/files/2009/11/PolicyBrief-described.pdf .
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Brief vs. Debrief – What’s the Difference?
Home » Brief vs. Debrief – What’s the Difference?
Brief and debrief are verbs with a confusing relationship. Based on the structure of debrief , they would appear to be opposites. But if brief means short , does debrief really mean long?
Actually, it does not. The sense in which these words are related does not involve the length of something. Continue reading to learn more about these confusing words.
What is the Difference Between Brief and Debrief?
In this post, I will compare brief vs. debrief . I will use each word in several example sentences that shows you how it should appear in context.
Plus, I will share a memory tool that makes choosing either brief or debrief much easier next time you need one of these words.
When to Use Brief
As an adjective , brief means short , like in the sentence below,
- Write a brief reflection on a session you found insightful at the conference.
As a noun , brief means a summary or short statement .
- “Did everyone read the brief I sent out via email?” asked the manager.
As a verb , brief means to prepare someone by informing him or her of necessary information .
- As his aide, it will be your job to brief the director on all meetings he does not personally attend.
When to Use Debrief
Here are some more examples,
- Protocol states that all operatives must debrief with dispatchers immediately upon returning from an engagement.
- Debrief with me after the plane touches down.
Debrief can also function as a noun where it simply means a series of questions about a completed mission of assignment. This relates to the verb definition.
Debrief is a relatively young word in the history of English and was first recorded in 1944. Its origins are unknown. This period in world history was fraught with tensions, and World War II saw heavy use of spies. It is easy to speculate that this word sprang from the geopolitical tensions of the time.
Trick to Remember the Difference: Debrief vs. Brief
With verbs, the situation is a little trickier.
- To brief someone is to give that person information.
- To debrief the same person would be to interrogate him, in other words, to obtain information from him.
Debrief and interrogate both have two E’s, so you can use this fact to pair the two in your mind.
Is it debrief or brief? Brief can be an adjective, a noun, or a verb. As a verb, it means to give someone a summary . Debrief is a verb that means to interrogate someone . Though they are related, they are not interchangeable, and you must use each carefully.
To summarize,
- Brief means to inform someone with necessary information
- Debrief means to interrogate someone for information about a recently completed assignment.
- 1 What is the Difference Between Brief and Debrief?
- 2 When to Use Brief
- 3 When to Use Debrief
- 4 Trick to Remember the Difference: Debrief vs. Brief
Summary vs Brief
Summary Adjective
Concise, brief or presented in a condensed form
‘A summary review is in the appendix.’;
Brief Adjective
Of short duration; happening quickly.
‘Her reign was brief but spectacular.’;
Performed speedily and without formal ceremony.
‘They used summary executions to break the resistance of the people.’;
Concise; taking few words.
‘His speech of acceptance was brief but moving.’;
(legal) Performed by cutting the procedures of a standard and fair trial.
‘Summary justice is bad justice.’;
Occupying a small distance, area or spatial extent; short.
‘Her skirt was extremely brief but doubtless cool.’;
Summary Noun
An abstract or a condensed presentation of the substance of a body of material.
(obsolete) Rife; common; prevalent.
Formed into a sum; summed up; reduced into a narrow compass, or into few words; short; brief; concise; compendious; as, a summary statement of facts.
(legal) A writ summoning one to answer to any action.
Hence, rapidly performed; quickly executed; as, a summary process; to take summary vengeance.
(legal) An answer to any action.
A general or comprehensive statement; an abridged account; an abstract, abridgment, or compendium, containing the sum or substance of a fuller account.
(legal) A memorandum of points of fact or of law for use in conducting a case.
a briefstatement that presents the main points in a concise form;
‘he gave a summary of the conclusions’;
A position of interest or advocacy.
performed speedily and without formality;
‘a summary execution’; ‘summary justice’;
(legal) An attorney’s legal argument in written form for submission to a court.
briefly giving the gist of something;
‘a short and compendious book’; ‘a compact style is brief and pithy’; ‘succinct comparisons’; ‘a summary formulation of a wide-ranging subject’;
(English law) The material relevant to a case, delivered by a solicitor to the barrister who tries the case.
A short news story or report.
undershorts briefs.
‘I wear boxers under trousers but for sports I usually wear a brief.’;
(obsolete) A summary, précis or epitome; an abridgement or abstract.
A letter patent, from proper authority, authorizing a collection or charitable contribution of money in churches, for any public or private purpose.
(slang) A ticket of any type.
(transitive) To summarize a recent development to some person with decision-making power.
‘The U.S. president was briefed on the military coup and its implications on African stability.’;
To write a legal argument and submit it to a court.
Brief Adverb
Soon; quickly.
Short in duration.
‘How brief the life of man.’;
Concise; terse; succinct.
‘The brief style is that which expresseth much in little.’;
Rife; common; prevalent.
‘Adam, faltering long, thus answered brief.’;
A short concise writing or letter; a statement in few words.
‘Bear this sealed brief,With winged hastle, to the lord marshal.’; ‘And she told meIn a sweet, Verb al brief.’;
An epitome.
‘Each woman is a brief of womankind.’;
An abridgment or concise statement of a client’s case, made out for the instruction of counsel in a trial at law. This word is applied also to a statement of the heads or points of a law argument.
‘It was not without some reference to it that I perused many a brief.’;
A writ; a breve. See Breve, n., 2.
A writ issuing from the chancery, directed to any judge ordinary, commanding and authorizing that judge to call a jury to inquire into the case, and upon their verdict to Pronoun ce sentence.
a type of men’s underpants without legs, fitting tightly and held by an elastic waistband; also called Jockey shorts.
To make an abstract or abridgment of; to shorten; as, to brief pleadings.
a document stating the facts and points of law of a client’s case
a condensed written summary or abstract
give essential information to someone;
‘The reporters were briefed about the President’s plan to invade’;
of short duration or distance;
‘a brief stay in the country’; ‘in a little while’; ‘it’s a little way away’;
concise and succinct;
‘covered the matter in a brief statement’;
(of clothing) very short;
‘an abbreviated swimsuit’; ‘a brief bikini’;
Jalapeno vs Halapeno
Accept vs okay, planes vs grass, boreally vs north, paganistic vs pagan, bristly vs gristly.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Project brief vs. executive summary. Whether or not you create a project brief or an executive summary depends on the scope of your project and the stakeholders involved. Just like a project brief, an executive summary is an overview of your project information—but it's generally geared towards executive stakeholders.
Summary noun A general or comprehensive statement; an abridged account; an abstract, abridgment, or compendium, containing the sum or substance of a fuller account. Brief noun (legal) A memorandum of points of fact or of law for use in conducting a case. Summary noun a briefstatement that presents the main points in a concise form;
summary: An abstract or a condensed presentation of the substance of a body of material. abstract: An abridgement or summary. overview: A brief summary, as of a book or a presentation. synopsis: A brief summary of the major points of a written work, either as prose or as a table; an abridgment or condensation of a work. meaning differences Share
What is analysis and how is this different than summary? To summarize is to take ideas and present them again in a more concise way. But to analyze is to reach your own conclusions about how the elements of a topic, theory, issue, or story fit together to create something that may not be evident at first glance.
Synonym for summary Each of these overlap quite a bit, I can see how they'd be confusing to differentiate. - A summary is a presentation that has been condensed down to it's main points. For example, when you take notes for a class you are summarizing the subject you're learning. - A brief is a short and concise body of work, or a short outline of an argument or statement (common in legal ...
The 'de-' in 'debrief' means "do the opposite of." Brief as a noun can be any short summary, and can more formally be associated with legal and religious paperwork. Brief is a verb as well, meaning "to summarize" or "to give instructions." This last definition gave rise to debrief, which means "to question or get information from someone."
What's the difference between brief and summary? Brief Definition: (a.) Short in duration. (a.) Concise; terse; succinct. (a.) Rife; common; prevalent. (adv.) Briefly. (adv.) Soon; quickly. (a.) A short concise writing or letter; a statement in few words. (a.) An epitome. (a.)
As nouns the difference between summary and briefing is that summary is an abstract or a condensed presentation of the substance of a body of material while briefing is a short and concise summary of a situation. As an adjective summary is concise, brief or presented in a condensed form. As a verb briefing is present participle of lang=en.
Synonyms for brief summary include outline, summary, abstract, rundown, synopsis, digest, overview, encapsulation, gist and summarization. Find more similar words at ...
A summary is a short or a brief account, sometimes elaborate too of the various events of a play. An executive summary on the other hand is a term used in business for a short document that summarizes a longer report, especially a business report. An executive summary is normally a condensed version of the full business document.
As nouns the difference between summary and brief is that summary is an abstract or a condensed presentation of the substance of a body of material while brief is a writ summoning one to answer to any action. As a verb brief is to summarize a recent development to some person with decision-making power. As an adverb brief is briefly.
Synonyms for SUMMARY: outline, brief, summa, digest, sum, synopsis, resume, summarization; Antonyms of SUMMARY: expansion, amplification, enlargement, supplement ...
A project brief is a short summary of the basic elements of a project. A brief allows teams to share project goals, strategies, and timelines with stakeholders. A brief should be a high-level overview and leave out unnecessary details. A project brief is not as detailed as a project plan, but it includes similar information.
You might use summary to provide background, set the stage, or illustrate supporting evidence, but keep it very brief: a few sentences should do the trick. Most of your paper should focus on your argument. (Our handout on argument will help you construct a good one.) Writing a summary of what you know about your topic before you start drafting ...
Summary is the broadest of the three. It refers to a short restatement of the main points of an argument, paper, lecture, etc. and especially a restatement used for better understanding, easier remembering, or showing how points relate to each other.
The definition of Summary is a comprehensive and usually brief abstract, recapitulation, or compendium of previously stated facts or statements. See additional meanings and similar words.
A summary is a brief summing up of the main points of a statement or narrative. A paraphrase is the rewording of something written or spoken, especially with the aim of making the sense clearer. A paraphrase may be longer, shorter, or of the same length as the original passage. I'll give examples of each, using familiar sources. When her ...
A policy brief presents a concise summary of information that can help readers understand, and likely make decisions about, government policies. Policy briefs may give objective summaries of relevant research, suggest possible policy options, or go even further and argue for particular courses of action.
Brief can be an adjective, a noun, or a verb. As a verb, it means to give someone a summary. Debrief is a verb that means to interrogate someone. Though they are related, they are not interchangeable, and you must use each carefully. To summarize, Brief means to inform someone with necessary information
Brief Noun. An abridgment or concise statement of a client's case, made out for the instruction of counsel in a trial at law. This word is applied also to a statement of the heads or points of a law argument. 'It was not without some reference to it that I perused many a brief.';
the brief. Brief Answer: Provides a short answer to the question(s) presented. Usually includes a brief explanation of the legal basis for that answer, including some of the main legal elements or buzzwords. review.Generally, there are no formal citations or quotations in this section. Summary of the Argument:3 A statement that previews the
A strong summary statement at the top of your resume can increase the chances of them noticing what you have to offer from the start. 2. You want to highlight your key skills and experience earlier. Your resume should be clear and easy to read. If you have extensive experience, your resume may seem bulky or complex.
Get more case briefs explained with Quimbee. Quimbee has over 16,300 case briefs (and counting) keyed to 223 casebooks https://www.quimbee.com/case-briefs-...