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10 Fun Facts About Owls
There is something about owls that fascinates people. Perhaps it’s because they’re the cutest birds of prey; perhaps it’s because they’re one of the most mysterious. Either way, learn more about these beloved birds with these 10 fun facts:
Silent Flight
One reason owls may be labeled as mysterious is that they can fly through the sky without making a peep. Their feathers muffle noise and reduce sound when they’re soaring through the air, so they often do so without anyone noticing.
Owls in Love
Some types of owls, such as the boreal owl, like to stick with one mating partner, and they often raise their young together. The couple stays busy hunting for prey for their babies. But when prey is easy to find and doesn’t require too much extra effort, both the mom and dad boreal owls are likely to go find themselves a little partner or two on the side.
Eating Etiquette
When they eat their prey, owls don’t exactly have the best table manners. They typically crush whatever they catch until it’s dead and swallow it whole, bones and all. What the body can’t digest, the owl throws back up in a pellet shape.
Playing Favorites
While human parents claim they don’t have favorite children, owls aren’t quite so kind. When they don’t have enough food for all of their young, they pick out the healthiest ones to feed and let the others starve.
Owls can’t move their eyes, but they can turn their necks up to 270 degrees, aCC0rding to Audubon. When they rotate their heads, however, it cuts off their circulation, but they have a system that collects extra blood to keep their eyes, brain and other above the neck functions working correctly.
Spotting Prey
Despite the fact that owls can’t move their eyes, they have amazing vision. The Northern Hawk Owl, for example, can spot its prey up to half a mile away from its perch in the trees, aCC0rding to Audubon. This is how barn owls are able to catch and eat prey in total darkness.
Hunting Each Other
What’s the barred owl’s most terrifying predator? Another owl. Great horned owls are at the top of the food chain, and while owls enjoy insects and small mammals, they also have some cannibalistic tendencies.
Most owls live in trees, but some, like the long-legged burrowing owl, actually live underground. While they may dig their own homes, they typically look for one already built by another creature, like a prairie dog, and take it over. ACC0rding to Mental Floss, they place dung all around the entrance of their newly-stolen homes and sit there all day waiting for dung beetles to eat.
Pest Control
Farmers often dislike using poison to keep mice and other varmints out off their properties, because it’s not safe for the other animals, both wild and domestic. As a matter of fact, eating mice that have consumed poison is often deadly for an owl. This is why many farmers go out of their way to welcome owls to their farms to keep pests, like gophers and mice, away. An average family of owls will eat 3,000 mice in four months, aCC0rding to Mental Floss.
You’ve heard of a murder of crows, but did you know a group of owls is called a parliament? The description comes from the CS Lewis book “The Chronicles of Narnia.”
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In-Text Citations: Author/Authors
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Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here .
Though the APA's author-date system for citations is fairly straightforward, author categories can vary significantly from the standard "one author, one source" configuration. There are also additional rules for citing authors of indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers.
A Work by One Author
The APA manual recommends the use of the author-date citation structure for in-text citation references. This structure requires that any in-text citation (i.e., within the body of the text) be accompanied by a corresponding reference list entry. In the in-text citation provide the surname of the author but do not include suffixes such as "Jr.".
Citing Non-Standard Author Categories
A work by two authors.
Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in parentheses.
A Work by Three or More Authors
List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources.
In et al. , et should not be followed by a period. Only "al" should be followed by a period.
If you’re citing multiple works with similar groups of authors, and the shortened “et al” citation form of each source would be the same, you’ll need to avoid ambiguity by writing out more names. If you cited works with these authors:
They would be cited in-text as follows to avoid ambiguity:
Since et al. is plural, it should always be a substitute for more than one name. In the case that et al. would stand in for just one author, write the author’s name instead.
Unknown Author
If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. APA style calls for capitalizing important words in titles when they are written in the text (but not when they are written in reference lists).
Note : In the rare case that "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.
Organization as an Author
If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source, just as you would an individual person.
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, you may include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. However, if you cite work from multiple organizations whose abbreviations are the same, do not use abbreviations (to avoid ambiguity).
Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses
When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list (viz., alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon.
If you cite multiple works by the same author in the same parenthetical citation, give the author’s name only once and follow with dates. No date citations go first, then years, then in-press citations.
Authors with the Same Last Name
To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year
If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.
Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords
When citing an Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword in-text, cite the appropriate author and year as usual.
Personal Communication
For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.
If using a footnote to reference personal communication, handle citations the same way.
Traditional Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples
When citing information you learned from a conversation with an Indigenous person who was not your research participant, use a variation of the personal communication citation above. Include the person’s full name, nation or Indigenous group, location, and any other relevant details before the “personal communication, date” part of the citation.
Citing Indirect Sources
Generally, writers should endeavor to read primary sources (original sources) and cite those rather than secondary sources (works that report on original sources). Sometimes, however, this is impossible. If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. If you know the year of the original source, include it in the citation.
Electronic Sources
If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.
Unknown Author and Unknown Date
If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").
Sources Without Page Numbers
When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. Use the heading or section name, an abbreviated heading or section name, a paragraph number (para. 1), or a combination of these.
Note: Never use the page numbers of webpages you print out; different computers print webpages with different pagination. Do not use Kindle location numbers; instead, use the page number (available in many Kindle books) or the method above.
Other Sources
The APA Publication Manual describes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. However, you may occasionally encounter a source or author category that the manual does not describe, making the best way to proceed unclear.
In these cases, it's typically acceptable to apply the general principles of APA citation to the new kind of source in a way that's consistent and sensible. A good way to do this is to simply use the standard APA directions for a type of source that resembles the source you want to cite. For example, a sensible way to cite a virtual reality program would be to mimic the APA's guidelines for computer software.
You may also want to investigate whether a third-party organization has provided directions for how to cite this kind of source.
an Excelsior University site
You will often use sources for academic writing, and it’s important to know how to responsibly cite and integrate those sources into your own writing. APA format provides guidelines and structures for citing those sources in a way that helps you avoid plagiarism and give proper credit to your sources.
APA stands for the American Psychological Association and is the format designed for use within the field of psychology. However, other disciplines use APA as well, so always use the format your professor chooses.
In addition to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th edition, the APA maintains its own website with multiple examples of how to format your paper and cite your sources. If you’re unable to find the answer to your question here, check the APA Manual 7th edition or the APA website.
Papers constructed according to APA guidelines generally include the following elements:
- Subsections within the body, with headings
- Tables and Figures
In most cases, each of these elements will begin on a separate page, and it is important to note that not all academic papers will include all of these elements.
For specific types of reports, your subsections may need to be named with headings that reflect the type of report you are writing. For example, in reports on experiments or studies you’ll usually need to follow the IMRAD structure with Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections. Be sure to check with your instructor to determine what the expectations are for your paper.
The APA style demos in this section will provide you with more information regarding APA basic formatting, in-text citations, and the references list.
Video Transcript
This short video is meant to give students who are brand new to APA format some context and basic overview information about using APA format for college papers.
APA stands for the American Psychological Association, and APA format is the formatting style that many academic majors use to format their papers and cite sources within their papers.
There are three basic “parts” of APA that you should understand: There is the basic format of how you set up your paper for things like your cover page, margins, line spacing, etc. There is in-text citing, where you use citations within your paper to let your readers know where your source material comes from. Finally, there is the References list, where you list all of the publication information for any sources used within your paper.
We’ll start with the overall formatting.
In the 7th edition of APA format, you should have a cover page that includes your title, your name, the name of your program and school, the name of your class, the name of your professor, and the date. You should also have the page number at the top right corner. Your page numbers should appear on every page.
You should begin your essay on the next page. Your margins should be 1 inch all the way around. You should use a clean, standard font, and you should double space your lines and single space after all punctuation. Be sure to indent by hitting tab for all new paragraphs.
Next, we will explore in-text citing.
It is important to remember that you must cite your sources within your text when you quote, summarize, and paraphrase information from your sources. This means, you must cite even information you put into your own words.
In APA, there are two basic structures for in-text citations—the narrative citation and the parenthetical citation.
The narrative citation is used when you mention the author or authors’ last names within the sentence. In this kind of citation, the year citation is placed after the author or authors’ last names, and any page or paragraph citations come at the end.
The parenthetical citation is used when you haven’t mentioned the author or authors’ names within the sentence. This citation includes the author or authors’ last names, year, and page number if necessary for a direct quote.
Finally, we will take a look at a References page.
The References page is where you will provide full publication and retrieval information for your sources. The References page is presented in alphabetical order, and it is important to remember that your in-text citations must match up with your References.
APA provides guidelines for formatting each reference based on source type. Be sure to refer to the References section in the Excelsior OWL for more information about how to format your References.
APA stands for the American Psychological Association. Most papers that use APA formatting and citation style are those written in the Social Sciences: Psychology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, and Sociology.
In addition to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition, the APA maintains its own website with multiple examples of how to format your paper and cite your sources. If you’re unable to find the answer to your question here, check the APA Manual 6th edition or the APA website. Look in particular at APA’s list of Frequently Asked Questions .
In most cases, each of these elements will begin on a separate page.
For specific types of reports, your subsections may need to be named with headings that reflect the type of report you are writing. For example, in reports on experiments or studies you’ll usually need to follow the IMRAD structure with Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections. Be sure to check with your instructor to determine what the expectations are for your paper.
The APA style demos in this section will provide you with more information regarding APA basic formatting, in-text citations, and the references list. Detailed information regarding in-text citations and references formatting can be found in the section that follows. This information follows the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . It’s important to remember that APA guidelines change over time, so it’s essential to stay current with the latest information.
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Check out other great resources:
- The APA Style Blog explores common questions related to APA and offers detailed APA style advice.
- Intern’s Corner: Referencing and Citing Sources Part IV: APA Style — a blog post from Hoot – The OWL Blog — contains tips to help locate more information about APA style within the OWL.
- Guest Author Jason Brown wrote “Why Don’t We Have Both?” Using the OWL’s APA and MLA Citation Materials about offering students a citation style choice and explaining how the OWL has helped his students with proper citation.
- Citation & Documentation »
- APA Style »
Citations: APA In-Text
- Why We Cite
- Definitions
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- APA In-Text
- APA Paper Format
- MLA Citations
- MLA In-text
- MLA Paper Format
- Online Tools
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- WCC Writing Center
APA Style Manual
A copy of this book is also available at the Help Desk.
APA Style Blog
- APA Style Blog APA Style experts and guests tackle a variety of style topics each week in the APA Style Blog.
Purdue OWL: In-text Citations
- Purdue OWL: In-Text Citations: The Basics Click the link above for "some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay."
- Purdue OWL: In-Text Citations: Author/Authors This series on the APA style explains important rules about using author names as part of the author-date system.
APA Format: In-Text Citations, Quotations, Paraphrases to Avoid Plagiarism
In-text Citations: APA
When you are using works or thoughts that are not your own you must cite the source. This is done both in the reference list at the end of your paper as well as throughout the body of the paper itself. When citing information in the body of the paper you use an in-text citation. In-text citations are formatted differently than citations for your reference list.
Information on how to correctly format in-text citations using APA style can be found on pages 174-179 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association .
Template Sentences: APA
While you are in the process of learning all the ins and outs of the APA style in-text citations may be overwhelming. We suggest practicing with some of these basic sentences until you are comfortable.
- In his/her/their article, ___________ (Year), concluded that ____________ (p. #).
- According to ____________ (Year), ___________________ (p. #).
- _________ found that ___________ (Year, p. #).
- “Insert an actual quote here” (Last Name, Year, p. #).
Template Sentences in Action: APA
Here is an exact excerpt from an article:
“Seventy-four percent of all dependent adult abuse reports that were investigated in fiscal year 2006-2007 in Hawaiʻi involved a victim age 60 or older. Sixty-one percent involved a victim aged 70 or older. Forty-four percent involved a victim age 80 or older. This indicates that elder individuals in Hawaiʻi are more frequent targets for abuse, neglect, and exploitation than younger adults. Accordingly it would seem that this age group is more vulnerable to abuse and neglect and is in greater need of protection (p. 42).”
This is the APA citation for the article:
Coke, M., & State of Hawaii. (2007). A survey of adult protective services and elder abuse in Hawaii and nationwide. Honolulu, Hawaii: Legislative Reference Bureau.
Letʻs create some in-text citations using the template sentences and the information quoted above. Do not underline in the body of your paper, this is used to illustrate the point(s) here.
- In their article, Coke and the State of Hawaiʻi (2007) reported that adults over the age of 70 require more protection than those of a younger age (p. 42).
- According to Coke and the State of Hawaiʻi (2007), adults over the age of 70 need more protection than those of a younger age (p. 42).
- Coke and the State of Hawaiʻi found that " of the reported cases of dependent adult abuse in FY 2006-2007, 74% involved an individual over the age of 60 " (2007, p. 42).
- “ Seventy-four percent of all dependent adult abuse reports that were investigated in fiscal year 2006-2007 in Hawaii involved a victim age 60 or older " (Coke and State of Hawaiʻi, 2007, p. 42).
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Help Citing in APA (American Psychological Association) Style
- APA In-Text Citations: The Basics (Purdue OWL) This Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) resource provides an overview of the basics of in-text citations according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual. more... less... For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing).
- APA Reference List: Basic Rules (Purdue OWL) This Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) resource provides an overview of the basic rules for the reference page according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual. Links to guidelines and examples of APA style reference page entries for a variety of common information types are also included. more... less... For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing).
- Excelsior OWL (Online Writing Lab) - APA Style Guide The APA style demos on this website will provide you with more information regarding APA basic formatting, in-text citations, and the references list. It also includes sample APA papers.
- The Official APA Style & Grammar Guidelines The style and grammar guidelines pages present information about APA Style as described in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition and the Concise Guide to APA Style, Seventh Edition.
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Help Writing in APA (American Psychological Association) Style
- APA Style Workshop (Purdue OWL) This workshop from the Purdue Online Writing Center (OWL) provides an overview of APA (American Psychological Association) style and where to find help with different APA resources. It provides an annotated list of links to all of the Purdue OWL's APA materials and an APA overview. It is an excellent place to start to learn about APA format.
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APA 7th Edition
- APA Style Overview – 7th Edition
- In-text Citations
- Reference Page
- Format Paper
- Thesis Statements | Purdue OWL
APA 7th Edition: In-Text Citations | Purdue OWL & Choice Media Channel
In-text citations (lesson 16 of 21) | academic writer tutorial : basics of seventh edition | american psychological association (apa).
- Creating References Using Seventh Edition APA Style | Purdue OWL Choice Media Channel
- Recommended Videos on APA 7th Edition
- Fillable Template and Sample Papers
- Avoiding Plagiarism & Using Turnitin
- Additional Resources
Please click on the above hyperlinked text image to continue with this and other lessons from the Academic Writer Tutorial on the Basics of Seventh Edition APA Style by the American Psychological Association (APA).
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CRHS_APA Style and Citation Guide: APA - How to Do Parenthetical (In-text) Citations
- APA Style (Manuscript) Guide
- APA - How to Do Parenthetical (In-text) Citations
- APA - How to Make Source Entries for a Reference Page
- APA - How to Write an Annotated Bibliography
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The Online Writing Lab (OWL) from Purdue University is a great web-based source of information about how to cite information in academic projects. This page has abbreviated information from OWL--for more detailed information or more obscure cases, go to the OWL website itself. (Use the menus on the left side of your screen to choose a topic you want to learn about (try looking at the topic "APA In-text Citations: The Basics" and "APA Reference Page")
- Purdue OWL APA Guide
Using In-Text Citations (APA)
How to Cite Short Quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
From Purdue OWL's APA formatting: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/
How to Cite Long Quotations
Long quotations
Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199).
from Purdue OWL's: APA Formating guide https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/
How to Cite a Summary or Paraphrase
Summary or paraphrase
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.)
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
From Purdue OWL's APA formatting : https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/
Citing 1 or 2 authors
A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.
Citing 3 -5 Authors
A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
Unknown Author
Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks.
Author is an Organization
Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.
Personal Communication
Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.
Citing Electronic Sources
Electronic Sources
If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.
Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").
Electronic Sources DO NOT have page #s!
Sources Without Page Numbers
When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web pages, people can use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.
Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out; different computers print Web pages with different pagination.
From Purdue OWL's APA formatting: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
These elements appear below the visual display. For the figure number, type Figure X . Then type the title of the figure
For FULL details, click here: APA Image Directions
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IMAGES
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COMMENTS
The more than 200 species of owls live in a variety of habitats, including coniferous forests, deserts, mountains and plains. Owls are found across all continents except Antarctica.
There is something about owls that fascinates people. Perhaps it’s because they’re the cutest birds of prey; perhaps it’s because they’re one of the most mysterious. Either way, learn more about these beloved birds with these 10 fun facts:
It is illegal to purchase or sell an owl in the United States. In countries where it is legal, owning an owl is a challenge that requires a great deal of research and commitment. Most sources, such as International Owl Center, do not condon...
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source
The APA manual recommends the use of the author-date citation structure for in-text citation references. This structure requires that any in-text citation
In APA, the basic in-text citation, referred to as a parenthetical citation, includes the author's last name, the year, and the page number or paragraph number.
There is in-text citing, where you use citations within your paper to let your readers know where your source material comes from. Finally, there is the
APA Style Manual · APA Style Blog · Purdue OWL: In-text Citations · APA Format: In-Text Citations, Quotations, Paraphrases to Avoid Plagiarism.
This vidcast introduces the viewers to the basics of APA style documentation, focusing on the reference list. For more information on this
Reference citations in text are covered on pages 169179 of the Publication
This Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) resource provides an overview of the basics of in-text citations according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_style_introduction.
Please click on the above hyperlinked text image to continue with this and other lessons from the Academic Writer Tutorial on the Basics of
Citing 1 or 2 authors · Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports... · From Purdue OWL's APA Formating: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/