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Ischemic Heart Disease
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- 1. Ischemic Heart Disease Professor Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman 31.07.2019 Manikganj [email protected]
- 2. Professor Md.Toufiqur Rahman MBBS, FCPS, MD, FACC, FESC, FRCP, FSCAI, FCCP,FAPSC, FAPSIC, FAHA,FACP,FASE Professor and Head of Cardiology Colonel Malek Medical College , Manikganj . [email protected] Ischemic Heart Disease
- 3. Case Scenario----1 • A 65 years old hypertensive, smoker, diabetic and dyslipidemic gentleman from Mymensingh district presented with central chest tightness on exertion for last 1 months. His pulse was 104 b/min, BP-150/95 mm Hg, HbA1c-8.2%. His ECG was normal . What should be his next investigation? What was the probable cause of his chest tightness? a. Esophageal spasm b. Chronic stable angina c. acute coronary syndrome d. acute pericarditis [email protected]
- 4. Case Scenario----2 • A 55 years old hypertensive, smoker, diabetic and dyslipidemic gentleman from Dhanmondi presented with central chest tightness with excessive sweating for last 30 minutes not relieved by taking sublingual nitrates. His pulse was 104 b/min, BP-150/95 mm Hg, HbA1c-8.2%. His ECG showed ST segment elevation in V1-V5 . What was the probable cause of his chest tightness? a. Esophageal spasm b. Chronic stable angina c. acute coronary syndrome(STEMI) d. acute pericarditis [email protected]
- 5. Case Scenario----3 • A 55 years old hypertensive, smoker, diabetic and dyslipidemic gentleman from Tejgaon presented with central chest tightness with excessive sweating for last 30 minutes not relieved by taking sublingual nitrates. His pulse was 104 b/min, BP-150/95 mm Hg, HbA1c-8.2%. His ECG showed ST segment depression in V1-V5 . His Troponin I level is 30 ng/L. What was the probable cause of his chest tightness? a. Esophageal spasm b. Chronic stable angina c. acute coronary syndrome(NSTEMI) d. acute pericarditis [email protected]
- 6. Case Scenario----4 • A 52 years old hypertensive, smoker, diabetic and dyslipidemic gentleman from Bashaboo presented with central chest tightness with excessive sweating for last 20 minutes not relieved by taking sublingual nitrates. His pulse was 110 b/min, BP-140/95 mm Hg, HbA1c-9.2%. His ECG showed T inversion in V1-V4 . His Troponin I level is normal. What was the probable cause of his chest tightness? a. Esophageal spasm b. Chronic stable angina c. acute coronary syndrome(Unstable angina) d. acute pericarditis [email protected]
- 7. Case Scenario----5 • A 32 years old smoker gentleman from Naogaon presented with central chest pain for last 5 days with fever. His pulse was 120 b/min, BP-140/95 mm Hg. His ECG showed ST segment elevation in lead V1-V6 and lead 2, 3 and aVF . What was the probable cause of his chest pain ? a. Esophageal spasm b. Chronic stable angina c. acute coronary syndrome d. acute pericarditis [email protected]om
- 8. Case Scenario----6 • A 42 years old smoker gentleman from Rajshahi presented with central chest pain for last 35 days increased at night lying flat relieved by taking antacid syrup. His pulse was 80 b/min, BP-130/85 mm Hg. His ECG showed normal. What was the probable cause of his chest pain? a. Reflux esophagitis b. Chronic stable angina c. acute coronary syndrome d. acute pericarditis [email protected]
- 9. Case Scenario----7 • A 22 years old lady from Khulna district presented with central chest pain with palpitations for last 5 months. Her pulse was 110 b/min, BP-120/80 mm Hg. Her ECG showed normal , Echocardiography showed normal study, ETT done previously for 2 times were negative. What was the probable cause of his chest pain? a. Reflux esophagitis b. Chronic stable angina c. acute coronary syndrome d. Generalized Anxiety Disorder [email protected]
- 10. Case Scenario----8 • A 25 years old lady from Kustia district presented with central chest heaviness with palpitations with low grade fever for last 2 months. Her pulse was 110 b/min, BP-110/70 mm Hg. Her ECG showed low voltage , Echocardiography showed echo free space in pericardium. What was the probable cause of his chest pain? a. Reflux esophagitis b. Chronic stable angina c. Pericardial Effussion d. Generalized Anxiety Disorder [email protected]
- 11. Case Scenario----9 • A 25 years old lady from Kustia district presented with central chest heaviness with palpitations with low grade fever for last 2 months. Her pulse was 110 b/min, BP-110/70 mm Hg. Her ECG showed low voltage , Echocardiography showed echo free space in pericardium. What was the probable cause of his chest pain? a. Reflux esophagitis b. Chronic stable angina c. Pericardial Effussion d. Generalized Anxiety Disorder [email protected]
- 12. Case Scenario----10 • A 19 years old smoker gentleman from Panchagor presented with central chest pain for last 5 days with fever and shortness of breath. His pulse was 120 b/min, BP- 110/75 mm Hg. His ECG showed T inversion in lead V1- V6 . His echocardiography showed global hypokinesia with EF-40%, Troponin I positive. What was the probable cause of his chest pain ? a. Myocarditis b. Chronic stable angina c. acute coronary syndrome d. acute pericarditis [email protected]
- 13. Case Scenario----11 • A 27 years old gentleman from Chuadanga district presented with occasional chest pain with palpitations for last 2 years. His pulse was 110 b/min, BP-110/70 mm Hg. His ECG showed normal , Echocardiography showed echo mitral valvular disease. What was the probable cause of his chest pain? a. Mitral valve prolapse b. Chronic stable angina c. Pericardial Effusion d. Generalized Anxiety Disorder [email protected]
- 14. Case Scenario----12 • A 21 years old gentleman from Sathkhira district presented with occasional central chest pain with palpitations for last 3 years. He was diagnosed as a case of Marfans Syndrome. His pulse was 112 b/min, BP-110/70 mm Hg. His ECG showed normal , Echocardiography showed echo aortic root dilataion. What was the probable cause of his chest pain? a. Mitral valve prolapse b. Chronic stable angina c. Pericardial Effusion d. Aortic Aneurysm [email protected]
- 15. Case Scenario----13 • A 50 years old hypertensive, smoker, diabetic and dyslipidemic gentleman from Jatrabari presented with severe tearing central chest pain with excessive sweating for last 30 minutes not relieved by taking sublingual nitrates. His pulse was 104 b/min, no pulse in lower limbs BP-150/95 mm Hg, HbA1c-8.2%. His ECG showed left ventricular hypertrophy . What was the probable cause of his chest tightness? a. Esophageal spasm b. aortic dissection c. acute coronary syndrome(STEMI) d. acute pericarditis [email protected]
- 16. Case Scenario----14 • A 70 years old hypertensive, smoker, diabetic and dyslipidemic gentleman from Jessore presented with central chest pain with burning sensation in mouth while taking food. His pulse was 86 b/min, BP-140/95 mm Hg, HbA1c-8.2%. Oral examination showed oral thrush. His ECG showed left ventricular hypertrophy . What was the probable cause of his chest tightness? a. Esophagitis ( Fungal infection) b. aortic dissection c. acute coronary syndrome(STEMI) d. acute pericarditis [email protected]
- 17. Terminology • Angina • Ischemic Heart Disease • Coronary artery disease • Coronary Heart Disease • Chest pain [email protected]
- 18. Ischemic Heart Disease • Heart Disease due to ischemia due to any cause • Coronary artery disease • Hypertensive heart disease • Syphilitic heart disease • Aortic stenosis • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy • Anaemia • Aortic dissection [email protected]
- 19. Coronary artery disease • Any disease involving coronary artery that may lead to IHD • Atherosclerosis • Thrombus • Embolism • Inflammation-PAN • CAD may be Asymptomatic [email protected]
- 20. Coronary Heart Disease • Heart disease due to coronary artery disease • IHD [email protected]
- 21. Chest pain • Chest pain may be cardiac or non cardiac • May be ischemic or non ischemic(Pericardial Effusion) • Ischemia may be coronary or non coronary [email protected]
- 22. Angina/ IHD • Due to either increased oxygen demand Or due to reduced oxygen supply Increased oxygen demand due to hypertrophy of left or right ventricle Causes of left ventricular hypertrophy 1. Concentric due to systemic HTN, Aortic stenosis 2. Asymmetrical –cardiomyopathy Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy 1. Concentric due to pulmonary HTN, Pulmonary stenosis 2. Asymmetrical – right ventricular cardiomyopathy [email protected]
- 23. Angina/ IHD • Reduced oxygen supply due to • Coronary artery obstruction due to Atherosclerosis, spasm, thrombosis, embolism, dissection, inflammation Coronary osteal stenosis due to syphilis Reduced hemoglobin [email protected]
- 24. Coronary artery disease presentation Pathology presentation Endothelial dysfunction Usually asymptomatic Occasionally may be chest pain Minor atherosclerotic plaque(<60%) Usually asymptomatic Occasionally may be chest pain Significant Atherosclerotic plaque(>60%- 99%) Chest pain on exertion(Chronic stable angina) Plaque rupture, thrombus, embolism Chest pain in rest(ACS) 100%- ---STEMI <100%------UA, NSTEMI No plaque, minor plaque , significant plaque Prinzmetal angina Asymptomatic, may be chest pain occasionally , ACS (prolonged spasm) [email protected]
- 25. Coronary artery disease-Diagnosis Pathology Investigatins Endothelial dysfunction ECG-Normal, Echo-Normal, ETT-Negative, occasionally may be positive, CAG-may be slow flow, IVUS & OCT-Normal Minor atherosclerotic plaque(<60%) ECG-Normal, Echo-Normal, ETT-Negative, occasionally may be positive, CAG-may be slow flow, minor plaqueIVUS & OCT-Normal Significant Atherosclerotic plaque(>60%- 99%) ECG-Normal/ ST-T changes , Echo- Normal/Hypokinesia, ETT-positive, CAG-may be slow flow, Significant plaque, IVUS-plaque burden & OCT-Normal Plaque rupture, thrombus, embolism ECG- ST-T changes , Echo-Hypokinesia/Akinesia, ETT- C/I , CAG- no flow, Significant plaque, IVUS- plaque burden & OCT- thrombus, Trop I- raised/Normal Spasm No plaque, minor plaque , significant plaque ECG- Normal/ST-T changes during spasm , Echo- Normal, ETT- negative , CAG- normal, IVUS- normal & OCT- normal Trop I- raised/[email protected]
- 26. Coronary artery disease-Treatment Pathology Treatment Endothelial dysfunction Treatment of underlying cause Anti platelets- slow flow High dose statin Minor atherosclerotic plaque(<60%) Treatment of underlying cause/risk factors Anti platelets ,High dose statin-reduce plaque burden, plaque stabilization Significant Atherosclerotic plaque(>60%-99%) Treatment of underlying cause/risk factors Anti platelets ,High dose statin-reduce plaque burden, plaque stabilization↑ coronary flow-nitrates, nicorandil ↓after load-nitrates, CCB ↓ work load-BB, CCB ↓ O2 Utilization at tissue- Trimetazidine/ranolazine Plaque rupture, thrombus, embolism Treatment of underlying cause/risk factors Anti platelets ,High dose statin-reduce plaque burden, plaque stabilization↑ coronary flow-nitrates, nicorandil ↓after load-nitrates, CCB ↓ work load-BB, CCB . Thrombolytics/ LMWH, O2 Spasm--No plaque, minor plaque , CCB, no BB [email protected]
- 27. [email protected]
- 28. [email protected]
- 29. [email protected]
- 30. [email protected]
- 31. [email protected]
- 32. [email protected]
- 33. [email protected]
- 34. angina [email protected]
- 35. [email protected]
- 36. [email protected]
- 37. [email protected]
- 38. [email protected]
- 39. [email protected]
- 40. [email protected]
- 41. [email protected]
- 42. [email protected]
- 43. [email protected]
- 44. [email protected]
- 45. Angina [email protected]
- 46. [email protected]
- 47. Angina classification
- 48. [email protected]
- 49. [email protected]
- 50. [email protected]
- 51. [email protected]
- 52. [email protected]
- 53. [email protected]
- 54. [email protected]
- 55. [email protected]
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Case: atypical presentation of acute ischemic heart disease in women.
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Patient appears to be anxious and hyperventilating. Encouraged patient to slow breathing down. VS obtained: Pulse 120; BP 152/112; Resp. 22, shallow. Patient complains of: intermittent sharp chest pain located in sternum area non-radiating; started at 0230. Pain is 8 on a scale of 1-10. Patient also complains of an increase in pain upon palpation to the sternum and with coughing. Patient has a productive cough of a clear, thick substance. Denies fever or recent trauma. Patient states she has had the chills for the past week. Lung sounds are clear and present in all lobes excluding the left lower lobe, which is diminished. Abdomen soft non-tender. Further exam unremarkable.
EMT Impression
- R/O chest wall pain, pleuritic pain
- R/O cardiac chest pain
- R/O pneumonia, upper respiratory infection
Nursing Triage Note
The triage is timed 0321. The triage nurse noted: chest pain, productive cough. Started 1 week ago, has just worsened. Has chills and cough. PMH: HTN and CVA. EMS Meds 4 ASA, 3 NTG. Meds include: amlodipine, atenolol, nortriptyline, desloratadine, escitalopram, tizanidine, sumatriptan, hydrocodone.
Triage Vitals (timed 0230): Pulse 97, BP 142/115, Resp 14, Temp 97.2°F (36.2°C), SpO2 98%, Pain 8/10.
The physician saw the patient at 0348; he documented his exam on an electronic medical record using a chest pain template.
History of Present Illness
Positive for occasional cough, headache. Negative for fever, ankle swelling, leg pain, blackouts, abdominal pain, black stools, problems urinating, skin rash, joint pain. All systems neg. except as marked or checked.
High blood pressure, gestational diabetes, chronic bronchitis, CVA three years ago, migraines. PMH negative for high cholesterol, heart disease, DVT risk factors, peptic ulcer and gallstones.
Allergies: No known allergies
Social History: Negative
Family History: Negative for CAD. Positive for lung cancer, epilepsy and diabetes.
Physical Exam:
The skin, extremities, neurologic and mental status exam were also documented as normal.
The ECG, which the physician interpreted as normal, is shown below:
The physician ordered the ED acute chest pain protocol, which included:
- Oxygen 2L/min by nasal canula
- IV 0.9 normal saline at 125 ml/hr
- Chest X-ray
- Aspirin 325 mg PO
- Morphine Sulfate 2mg IV PRN titrate to pain
- Metoprolol 5 mg IV slow q 5 minutes x3, or until HR 50-60 and SBP> 90
- ECG on arrival and at 1 hour
The initial chest X-ray was interpreted as normal by the emergency physician, who noted, "no infiltrates, normal heart size." Her Pulse Ox was 98%-99% on room air. Her electrolytes, CBC, and BMP were all within normal limits; troponin was 0.05 (reported as normal for this hospital).
Nursing Progress Notes
Patient Discharge
Eleven days later, the patient presented to the same ED in full cardiac arrest. Autopsy revealed a 95% atherosclerotic narrowing of the LAD.
Following the depositions with the physician and nurses, the defendants settled out of court with the patient’s family for an undisclosed amount.
Case Discussion
- Rule Out MI. On the patient’s arrival, the physician appropriately considered the possibility of acute coronary syndrome. However, he did not continue management to rule out the disease. This patient had chest pain, risk factors for coronary artery disease, and known prior cerebrovascular disease. The physician applied a faulty thought process as he anchored on the presence of reproducible chest wall pain and in determining that he had ruled out an acute coronary syndrome.
- The Second ECG. The physician ordered but never obtained a second ECG. The first ECG does appear normal, as the emergency physician noted. However, the failure to obtain a second ECG at one hour was one of the major allegations against the physician, nurses and the hospital.
- Atypical Presentation of Acute Ischemic Heart Disease in Women . This presentation clearly has some atypical components for acute MI or unstable angina. See the lists below of this patient’s typical and atypical signs and symptoms abstracted from all the notes.
Ischemic heart disease is underdiagnosed in women. Look at the list of typical signs/symptoms; there is no way to rule out acute ischemic heart disease based on these elements of the history and physical and a single troponin and ECG.
What happened in this case?
When you look at cases like this in retrospect, it is easy to wonder how a board certified emergency physician could possibly have discharged this patient with a diagnosis of chest wall pain. Don’t discount the power of heuristics or the cognitive disposition to respond – in other words, human bias. The patient was 35-years-old, complained of a productive cough, and had worsening pain with cough and pain with palpation of the chest wall. She described the pain as sharp and she had reported intermittent chills; she had a normal ECG and initial troponin.
This case is presented in this issue in order to help practitioners avoid bias and recognize the pitfalls leading to this common failure to diagnose.
Have you experienced an interesting case recently? Share with The Sullivan Group and we'll review for potential future inclusion in our Clinicians Corner.
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Cardiovascular Case Study
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Ischemic heart disease
Ischemic Heart Diseases IHD
DR. HANA OMER. ANGINA PECTORIS :is a clinical syndrome characterized by paroxysmal chest pain due to transient myocardial ischemia. It may be occur.
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ACC.21 Presentation Slides | ISCHEMIA: SIHD
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ACC.21 Presentation Slides | ISCHEMIA: Completeness of Revascularization in SIHD With Invasive vs. Conservative Strategy
Date: May 17, 2021
Keywords: ACC Annual Scientific Session, ACC21Slides, Dyslipidemias, Geriatrics, Angina, Stable, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Angiography
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Case 6 - Woman with Ischemic Heart Disease Admitted due to Chest Pain and Shock
Rafael amorim belo nunes.
Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor-HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brazil
Hilda Sara Montero Ramirez
Vera demarchi aiello.
A 67-year-old woman sought emergency medical care due to prolonged chest pain. In April 2009 the patient had prolonged chest pain and at that time she sought medical care. She was admitted at the hospital and diagnosed with myocardial infarction.
The patient had hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and was a smoker.
During the patient's evolution, after the myocardial infarction, she was submitted to a coronary angiography in, which disclosed the presence of lesions with 70% obstruction in the right coronary, anterior descending and circumflex arteries. A left ventriculography revealed apical akinesia with signs of intracavitary thrombus in that region.
The echocardiogram (May 2009) disclosed ventricular dysfunction accentuated by diffuse hypokinesis, with a 28% left ventricular ejection fraction. Clinical and drug treatment was recommended to the patient.
The patient's evolution was asymptomatic until October 2009, when she had a cerebrovascular accident, with motor sequela.
On December 30, 2009, the patient had an episode of severe chest pain that lasted for one hour and she sought medical care.
At the physical examination, the heart rate (HR) was 100 beats per minute, blood pressure was 100/60 mmHg. Pulmonary assessment was normal. The heart examination disclosed a ++/ 6+ systolic murmur in the mitral area. The remainder of the physical examination was normal. The electrocardiogram (1h 19 min; Dec 30, 2009) showed sinus rhythm, HR of 103 bpm, PR interval of 122 ms, QRS duration of 159 ms, QT interval of 367 ms, and corrected QT of 480 ms.
There was left atrial overload, low voltage of the QRS complex in the frontal plane, probable inferior electrically inactive area, and left bundle branch block ( Figure 1 ). Chest x-ray disclosed the presence of a large pleural effusion in the right hemithorax.
Electrocardiogram - Sinus rhythm, low voltage of the QRS complex in the frontal plane, electrically inactive area in the inferior wall and left bundle branch block.
The laboratory tests showed hemoglobin 13 g/dL, hematocrit 40%, MCV 91 fL, leukocytes 12,400/mm 3 (66% neutrophils, 1% eosinophils, 1% basophils, 19% lymphocytes and 13% monocytes), 421,000/mm 3 , total cholesterol 228 mg/dL, HDL-cholesterol 35 mg / dL, LDL-cholesterol 162 mg/dL, triglycerides 157 mg/dL, CK-MB mass 5.63 ng / mL, Troponin I 0.21 ng/mL, urea 33 mg/dL, creatinine 0.66 mg/dL, sodium 137 mEq/L, and potassium 3.4 mEq/L. Venous blood gasometry showed pH 7.46, pCO 2 39.3 mmHg, pO 2 36.3 mmHg, O 2 saturation 62.7%, bicarbonate 27.7 mEq/L and base excess 4.1 mEq/L.
Approximately two hours after hospital admission, she had seizures and cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity, reversed in 5 min.
The electrocardiogram after the cardiac arrest (4:18 am; Dec 30, 2009) showed a HR of 64 bpm, absence of P waves, and left bundle branch block. The QRS complex alteration, in relation to the previous tracing, was a positive QRS complex in the V6 lead ( Figure 2 ).
Electrocardiogram - Sinus rhythm, left bundle branch block and positive T waves on an also positive derivative of the QRS complex.
She had a new cardiac arrest 20 min later, which was also reversed. After half an hour, a new episode of cardiac arrest occurred, which was irreversible, and the patient died (5:45 am; Dec 30, 2009).
Clinical aspects
This patient is a 67-year-old woman with cardiovascular risk factors and ischemic cardiomyopathy, with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Cardiac catheterization disclosed multivessel coronary disease and apical akinesis with an intracavitary thrombus. During outpatient follow-up, clinical treatment was chosen, possibly influenced by the patient's clinical status, as well as the characteristics of the coronary anatomy.
The indication of surgical treatment with myocardial revascularization in patients with coronary heart disease with heart failure and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction is still debatable, but recent data from the STICH study suggest a long-term survival benefit in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. 1
During follow-up in October 2009, the patient had a clinical picture suggestive of a cerebrovascular accident that may have been of atherothrombotic origin due to the multiple cardiovascular risk factors or of cardioembolic origin, associated with intracavitary thrombi.
In December 2009 the patient was admitted to the emergency room with acute chest pain. She had mild tachycardia and borderline systolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg. The electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia, left atrial overload and left bundle branch block.
In patients with acute chest pain and electrocardiogram with acute or undetermined left bundle branch block, the possibility of acute myocardial infarction should be considered, especially in case of hemodynamic instability. Criteria such as those proposed by Sgarbossa et al., 2 and Smith et al., 3 modified by other authors can contribute to the diagnostic accuracy improvement in this context. 2 , 3 However, one should consider that the occurrence of left bundle branch block is more commonly a marker of previous structural heart disease.
The patient had a cardiorespiratory arrest with pulseless electrical activity (PEA) within a short time after hospital admission. In cases of acute myocardial infarction, PEA can occur in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction and cardiogenic shock and/or mechanical complications such as rupture of the left ventricular free wall with cardiac tamponade, papillary muscle rupture and / or severe dysfunction and acute interventricular septal defect.
Other conditions should be considered in patients with acute chest pain who present with rapid clinical deterioration such as aortic dissection and pulmonary thromboembolism. The chest x-ray showed a massive pleural effusion in the right hemithorax, although this finding was not readily apparent at the physical examination. In this patient, pleural effusion may be due to chronic heart failure decompensation but may also be associated with other conditions, such as rheumatologic diseases, tuberculosis or pleural carcinomatosis due to neoplasias. The last two conditions mentioned here are not uncommon in patients with chronic heart diseases.
Additionally, massive pleural effusions may coexist, in some conditions, with pericardial involvement and consequent cardiac tamponade. 4 Pleural effusion may also be present in patients with acute aortopathies, such as dissection of the aorta and aortic ulcer with associated rupture, but usually the most frequent effusion is located in the left pleural space as a consequence of the aortic anatomy. (Dr. Hilda Sara Montero Ramirez)
Main hypothesis: Acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. ( Dr. Hilda Sara Montero Ramirez )
Differential diagnoses: Cardiac tamponade, Pulmonary thromboembolism and Dissection of the aorta. ( Dr. Hilda Sara Montero Ramirez )
The heart weighed 422 g and showed increased volume, with cross-sections (short axis of the ventricles) disclosing a healed transmural myocardial infarction in the left ventricular anterior and septal walls. There was wall thinning and fibrosis, with antero-apical aneurysm and thrombus at the apex ( Figure 3 ). Signs of a previous systemic thromboembolism, with previous renal and cerebral infarctions were also found, with the latter being a cavitated infarction affecting the temporal and occipital regions of the left cerebral hemisphere.
Cross-sections of the heart at the level of the ventricles (short axis) showing previous transmural infarctions in the anterior and septal walls (arrows). These same places show thinning of the wall and, localized slight dilatation (aneurysm). There is also a cavitary thrombus in the ventricular apex (asterisk).
The aorta and coronary arteries showed marked atherosclerotic involvement, with ulcerated plaques in the aorta and obstructions > 70% in the initial and middle thirds of the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery and between 50 and 70% in the circumflex branch of the same artery and in the right coronary artery. Signs of congestive heart failure were found in the lungs and liver.
The terminal cause of death was pulmonary thromboembolism on the right, with infarction organization at the pulmonary base ( Figure 4 ). The right pleura showed fibrin deposits and the histological analysis showed acute fibrinous pleuritis ( Figure 5 ). There was also pleural effusion on the right (500mL of citrine-colored fluid) ( Prof. Dr. Vera D. Aiello ).
Right lung cross-section at its long axis showing the presence of thromboembolism in the central branch of the pulmonary artery (arrow). At the base, there are two triangular areas (asterisks) where the parenchyma is homogeneous and reddish in color, corresponding to recent pulmonary infarctions.
Photomicrography of the right pleura showing neutrophilic exudate on the surface (asterisk), characterizing acute pleuritis. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, objective magnification = 10X.
Anatomopathological diagnoses
- - Ischemic heart disease with healed transmural infarctions in the anterior wall and ventricular septum and anteroseptal aneurysm.
- - Apical thrombus in the left ventricle.
- - Systemic and coronary atherosclerosis of moderate to high degree.
- - Previous infarctions in the kidneys and in the temporal and occipital cortex of the left cerebral hemisphere.
- - Pulmonary thromboembolism on the right, with recent pulmonary infarction.
- - Acute fibrinous pleuritis on the right, with pleural effusion (500mL) ( Prof. Dr. Vera D. Aiello )
The patient described herein sought emergency care with chest pain and was known to have ischemic heart disease. The clinical investigation for acute infarction was inconclusive and the patient died less than 24 hours after hospital admission.
Necropsy showed previous infarctions and signs of congestive heart failure. We found no evidence of a recent infarction and attributed the chest pain to the finding of a recent pulmonary thromboembolism on the right, with pulmonary infarction and acute fibrinous pleuritis.
In a study carried out at our institution, which assessed the agreement between clinical diagnoses and necropsy findings, the greatest discrepancy occurred in cases of pulmonary thromboembolism (34.1%). 5 ( Prof. Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello )
Section Editor: Alfredo José Mansur ( [email protected] )
Associated Editors: Desidério Favarato ( [email protected] ) Vera Demarchi Aiello ( [email protected] )
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