- Harvard Library
- Research Guides
Citation and Research Management Tools at Harvard
- Citation Style Guides
- About Citation Tools
- Classes and Community
- Comparing Citation Tools
- Set up EndNote for Use at Harvard
- Use EndNote Online
- Use EndNote at Harvard
- Overleaf Pro+
Citation styles are the format in which a citation should be written (different from citation tools ). Common styles used at Harvard:
APA | Chicago | MLA | Legal Citations | About the"Harvard" Style
Typically, citation styles are common to a given field of study. For instance, the discipline of History tends to use the Chicago Style.
- If you are a student, your department or instructor will tell you what style to use.
- Publishing? Your publisher will have a given style they prefer.
For further assistance with citation styles or locating these materials at Harvard Library, Harvard affiliates can contact our Ask a Librarian . (Please specify the citation style and your Harvard school/department for the most expedient assistance.)
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th Edition (Print Only)
- The print guide to APA is the official guide to citing in APA style.
APA Style Reference Examples
APA: Frequently Asked Questions about APA Style
Chicago Style
- Can also get to the 16th here
Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL): Chicago Manual of Style , 17th Edition
- For those who don't have access to the official style guide or want to see the information presented in a slightly different way.
MLA Handbook , 9th Edition
MLA Style Center -- can be very useful for help with types of sources that aren't covered in the Handbook
Legal Citations
Harvard Law School Library Legal Citation Guides and Abbreviations
The Bluebook: a uniform system of citation , 20th Edition (Print Only)
About the "Harvard" Style
also called the Harvard Referencing System or "Author-date Referencing"
Harvard Library doesn't provide support for this style . If you're looking for authoritative guidance, there are many excellent sources freely available online, and the Chicago Manual of Style has an excellent chapter on Author-Date Referencing .
The name "Harvard" is misleading in this case. There is no official institutional connection between Harvard University and this citation style. For more about this style and how it became informally associated with Harvard University, please see our What is the Harvard Referencing Style? FAQ.
- << Previous: Perma.cc
- Next: Get Help >>
- Last Updated: Mar 1, 2023 10:12 AM
- URL: https://guides.library.harvard.edu/cite
Harvard University Digital Accessibility Policy
Have a language expert improve your writing
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, automatically generate references for free.
- Knowledge Base
- Referencing
A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples
Published on 14 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.
Referencing is an important part of academic writing. It tells your readers what sources you’ve used and how to find them.
Harvard is the most common referencing style used in UK universities. In Harvard style, the author and year are cited in-text, and full details of the source are given in a reference list .
Harvard Reference Generator
Table of contents
Harvard in-text citation, creating a harvard reference list, harvard referencing examples, referencing sources with no author or date, frequently asked questions about harvard referencing.
A Harvard in-text citation appears in brackets beside any quotation or paraphrase of a source. It gives the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication, as well as a page number or range locating the passage referenced, if applicable:
Note that âp.â is used for a single page, âpp.â for multiple pages (e.g. âpp. 1â5â).
An in-text citation usually appears immediately after the quotation or paraphrase in question. It may also appear at the end of the relevant sentence, as long as itâs clear what it refers to.
When your sentence already mentions the name of the author, it should not be repeated in the citation:
Sources with multiple authors
When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authorsâ names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by â et al. â:
Sources with no page numbers
Some sources, such as websites , often donât have page numbers. If the source is a short text, you can simply leave out the page number. With longer sources, you can use an alternate locator such as a subheading or paragraph number if you need to specify where to find the quote:
Multiple citations at the same point
When you need multiple citations to appear at the same point in your text â for example, when you refer to several sources with one phrase â you can present them in the same set of brackets, separated by semicolons. List them in order of publication date:
Multiple sources with the same author and date
If you cite multiple sources by the same author which were published in the same year, itâs important to distinguish between them in your citations. To do this, insert an âaâ after the year in the first one you reference, a âbâ in the second, and so on:
A bibliography or reference list appears at the end of your text. It lists all your sources in alphabetical order by the authorâs last name, giving complete information so that the reader can look them up if necessary.
The reference entry starts with the author’s last name followed by initial(s). Only the first word of the title is capitalised (as well as any proper nouns).
Sources with multiple authors in the reference list
As with in-text citations, up to three authors should be listed; when there are four or more, list only the first author followed by â et al. â:
Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.
Reference list entries vary according to source type, since different information is relevant for different sources. Formats and examples for the most commonly used source types are given below.
- Entire book
- Book chapter
- Translated book
- Edition of a book
Journal articles
- Print journal
- Online-only journal with DOI
- Online-only journal with no DOI
- General web page
- Online article or blog
- Social media post
Sometimes you wonât have all the information you need for a reference. This section covers what to do when a source lacks a publication date or named author.
No publication date
When a source doesnât have a clear publication date â for example, a constantly updated reference source like Wikipedia or an obscure historical document which canât be accurately dated â you can replace it with the words âno dateâ:
Note that when you do this with an online source, you should still include an access date, as in the example.
When a source lacks a clearly identified author, thereâs often an appropriate corporate source â the organisation responsible for the source â whom you can credit as author instead, as in the Google and Wikipedia examples above.
When thatâs not the case, you can just replace it with the title of the source in both the in-text citation and the reference list:
Harvard referencing uses an authorâdate system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.
Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.
A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.
The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.
In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by â et al. â
Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:
- A reference list only includes sources cited in the text â every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
- A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the âCite this Scribbr articleâ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 27 February 2023, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-style/
Is this article helpful?
Jack Caulfield
Other students also liked, harvard in-text citation | a complete guide & examples, harvard style bibliography | format & examples, referencing books in harvard style | templates & examples, scribbr apa citation checker.
An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!
- MJC Library & Learning Center
- Research Guides
Format Your Paper & Cite Your Sources
- Harvard Style
- Citing Basics
- MLA Style (8th/9th ed.)
- APA Style, 7th Edition
- Chicago Style
What is Harvard Style?
What you need to know, harvard style tutorial.
- Other Styles
- Annotated Bibliographies
- How to Create an Attribution
Harvard Style
The Harvard referencing system is known as the Author-Date style . It emphasizes the name of the creator of a piece of information and the date of publication, with the list of references in alphabetical order at the end of your paper.
Unlike other citation styles, there is no single, definitive version of Harvard Style. Therefore, you may see a variation in features such as punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, and the use of italics.
Always check with your instructor and follow the rules he or she gives you.
- Harvard Style Guidelines Your class handout
- Harvard Referencing Quick Guide From Staffordshire University
Harvard Style will affect your paper in two places:
- In-text citations in the body of your paper, and
- The reference list at the end of your paper
- All in-text citations should be listed in the reference list at the end of your paper.
- Reference list entries need to contain all the information that someone reading your paper would need in order to find your source.
- Reference lists in Harvard Style are arranged alphabetically by first author.
- Begin your Reference list on a new page after your text and number it consecutively.
Sample References List:
Click on the Links Below to See Additional Examples:
- Sample Paper Paper provided by Kurt Olson
- Harvard Citation Examples Document created by The University of Western Australia
Click on the image below to launch this tutorial that was created by the University of Leeds. The section on Citing in Text is especially useful.
- << Previous: Chicago Style
- Next: Other Styles >>
- Last Updated: Jan 24, 2023 4:57 PM
- URL: https://libguides.mjc.edu/citeyoursources
This research guide is licensed under (CC BY-NC 4.0) .
Have a language expert improve your writing
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
- Knowledge Base
- Citing sources
Citation Styles Guide | Examples for All Major Styles
Published on June 24, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on November 7, 2022.
A citation style is a set of guidelines on how to cite sources in your academic writing . You always need a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize a source to avoid plagiarism . How you present these citations depends on the style you follow. Scribbr’s citation generator can help!
Different styles are set by different universities, academic associations, and publishers, often published in an official handbook with in-depth instructions and examples.
There are many different citation styles, but they typically use one of three basic approaches: parenthetical citations , numerical citations, or note citations.
Parenthetical citations
- Chicago (Turabian) author-date
CSE name-year
Numerical citations
CSE citation-name or citation-sequence
Note citations
- Chicago (Turabian) notes and bibliography
Table of contents
Types of citation: parenthetical, note, numerical, which citation style should i use, parenthetical citation styles, numerical citation styles, note citation styles, frequently asked questions about citation styles.
The clearest identifying characteristic of any citation style is how the citations in the text are presented. There are three main approaches:
- Parenthetical citations: You include identifying details of the source in parentheses in the textâusually the authorâs last name and the publication date, plus a page number if relevant ( author-date ). Sometimes the publication date is omitted ( author-page ).
- Numerical citations: You include a number in brackets or in superscript, which corresponds to an entry in your numbered reference list.
- Note citations: You include a full citation in a footnote or endnote, which is indicated in the text with a superscript number or symbol.
Citation styles also differ in terms of how you format the reference list or bibliography entries themselves (e.g., capitalization, order of information, use of italics). And many style guides also provide guidance on more general issues like text formatting, punctuation, and numbers.
In most cases, your university, department, or instructor will tell you which citation style you need to follow in your writing. If youâre not sure, itâs best to consult your institutionâs guidelines or ask someone. If youâre submitting to a journal, they will usually require a specific style.
Sometimes, the choice of citation style may be left up to you. In those cases, you can base your decision on which citation styles are commonly used in your field. Try reading other articles from your discipline to see how they cite their sources, or consult the table below.
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.
The American Anthropological Association (AAA) recommends citing your sources using Chicago author-date style . AAA style doesnât have its own separate rules. This style is used in the field of anthropology.
APA Style is defined by the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . It was designed for use in psychology, but today itâs widely used across various disciplines, especially in the social sciences.
Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr
The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless APA citation
The citation style of the American Political Science Association (APSA) is used mainly in the field of political science.
The citation style of the American Sociological Association (ASA) is used primarily in the discipline of sociology.
Chicago author-date
Chicago author-date style is one of the two citation styles presented in the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition). Itâs used mainly in the sciences and social sciences.
The citation style of the Council of Science Editors (CSE) is used in various scientific disciplines. It includes multiple options for citing your sources, including the name-year system.
Harvard style is often used in the field of economics. It is also very widely used across disciplines in UK universities. There are various versions of Harvard style defined by different universitiesâitâs not a style with one definitive style guide.
Check out Scribbr’s Harvard Reference Generator
MLA style is the official style of the Modern Language Association, defined in the MLA Handbook (9th edition). Itâs widely used across various humanities disciplines. Unlike most parenthetical citation styles, itâs author-page rather than author-date.
Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr
The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless MLA citation
The American Chemical Society (ACS) provides guidelines for a citation style using numbers in superscript or italics in the text, corresponding to entries in a numbered reference list at the end. It is used in chemistry.
The American Medical Association ( AMA ) provides guidelines for a numerical citation style using superscript numbers in the text, which correspond to entries in a numbered reference list. It is used in the field of medicine.
CSE style includes multiple options for citing your sources, including the citation-name and citation-sequence systems. Your references are listed alphabetically in the citation-name system; in the citation-sequence system, they appear in the order in which you cited them.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) provides guidelines for citing your sources with IEEE in-text citations that consist of numbers enclosed in brackets, corresponding to entries in a numbered reference list. This style is used in various engineering and IT disciplines.
The National Library of Medicine (NLM) citation style is defined in Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (2nd edition).
Vancouver style is also used in various medical disciplines. As with Harvard style, a lot of institutions and publications have their own versions of Vancouverâit doesnât have one fixed style guide.
The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation is the main style guide for legal citations in the US. Itâs widely used in law, and also when legal materials need to be cited in other disciplines.
Chicago notes and bibliography
Chicago notes and bibliography is one of the two citation styles presented in the Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition). Itâs used mainly in the humanities.
The Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities ( OSCOLA ) is the main legal citation style in the UK (similar to Bluebook for the US).
There are many different citation styles used across different academic disciplines, but they fall into three basic approaches to citation:
- Parenthetical citations : Including identifying details of the source in parentheses âusually the authorâs last name and the publication date, plus a page number if available ( author-date ). The publication date is occasionally omitted ( author-page ).
- Numerical citations: Including a number in brackets or superscript, corresponding to an entry in your numbered reference list.
- Note citations: Including a full citation in a footnote or endnote , which is indicated in the text with a superscript number or symbol.
Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.
- APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
- MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
- Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
- Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.
Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.
The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.
A scientific citation style is a system of source citation that is used in scientific disciplines. Some commonly used scientific citation styles are:
- Chicago author-date , CSE , and Harvard , used across various sciences
- ACS , used in chemistry
- AMA , NLM , and Vancouver , used in medicine and related disciplines
- AAA , APA , and ASA , commonly used in the social sciences
APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.
Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.
MLA Style  is the second most used citation style (after APA ). It is mainly used by students and researchers in humanities fields such as literature, languages, and philosophy.
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the âCite this Scribbr articleâ button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Citation Styles Guide | Examples for All Major Styles. Scribbr. Retrieved February 27, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/citation-styles/
Is this article helpful?
Jack Caulfield
Other students also liked, apa vs. mla | the key differences in format & citation, the basics of in-text citation | apa & mla examples, how to avoid plagiarism | tips on citing sources, what is your plagiarism score.
- Formatting Guides
- Harvard Style & Format: A 5-Minute Guide + Samples
Harvard Style & Format: A 5-Minute Guide + Samples
Table of contents
Struggling to remember tricky peculiarities of Harvard style referencing and formatting? Donât worry, you have come across a helpful material. In this article, you will find the basics of Harvard style formatting which would be useful for your academic progress. This easy but detailed Harvard style guide contains all format requirements for a paper and some structural tips. Besides, it covers general rules on how to cite your sources properly in your text. Feel free to use these guidelines for your academic endeavors. Let us go through details of Harvard style referencing and formatting together! Â
Reference Harvard Style: Basics
Harvard style is an author-date system of referencing. Itâs similar to an APA paper format  in terms of general formatting of pages and text. But this style follows its own rules for bibliography and in-text citations formatting. Harvard style is typically used for essays in such academic disciplines: Â
- Behavioral Sciences
- Philosophy.
But this doesnât mean you canât use this paper format in other areas of study. The general rule is to put references to your sources in round brackets. Specify authorâs name and publication year. These references should come after your quotes (direct or indirect) in the end of a respective sentence or paragraph. Full details about all sources you have used should be provided at the end of your work. This section should be named âReference Listâ. Buy coursework or any other type of research paper that will be referenced for you by our experts.Â
Harvard Format: General Requirements
Let us explore some general rules for Harvard formatting:
- Font: Times New Roman or Arial
- Size: 12 pt
- Text: double-spaced and left-aligned
- Indent: first line of a paragraph has indent of 0.5 inch
- Margins: 1 inch from each side
A Harvard style citation  must have a Title page, header (or running head), headings and Reference list. We will take a closer look at formatting each section down below. Â
Harvard Style Title Page
What are the requirements for a Harvard style cover page? Title page is otherwise known as front page. This is the first page of your paper to be observed by your reader, i.e. your teacher first of all. Therefore, it is highly important to format it properly. Formatting rules for Harvard Title page:Â Â
- Paper title is fully capitalised and centered. Should be placed at approximately 33% of your page counting from its top.
- Your name as an author, centered and placed at the middle of your page.
- Course name at approximately 66% of the page.
- Instructorâs name on a new line.
- Universityâs name.
- Submission date.
See the sample of a Harvard title page down below.
Formatting a Header in Harvard
An important detail: you are required to use a header in Harvard referencing  format. This section is repeatedly shown on all pages of your paper except the title page. You have to configure it once. Then, headers will get automatically added on each new page. Headers in Harvard referencing format contains such information: Â
- Page number, right aligned
- Shortened title of your paper, not capitalized, right-aligned, to the left of page number.
It is important to use shortened title because there is not too much space in any header. Also, another requirement is putting exactly 5 spaces between your title and a page number in headers.
Harvard Style Heading
Now let us explore some rules of using subheadings in Harvard style, in detail. Typically there are 2 levels of section headings recommended for use in such papers. They have different formatting. This helps to tell one from another, without using different font sizes for them.
- Level-1 subheadings for a bigger section. They must be centered, capitalized, but at the same time not indented, not bold, not underscored, not italicized.
- Level-2 subheading for any subsection, typically 1-2 paragraphs. They must be capitalized, left-aligned, not indented. Besides, they should be italicized.
The plain text of any paragraph should go on a new line after subheadings in Harvard style, be it Level-1 or Level-2 subheading.
Harvard Reference List
Listing all sources you have used for your research in a proper order is a core element of Harvard style. Reference list should be the last part of your paper but absolutely not the least. Now let us explore some critical rules for a reference list formatting. The Harvard-style reference list section has its own subtitle, namely âReference Listâ. Similarly to a Level-1 subheading, it should be capitalized and centered. The rest of your content in this section goes from a new line after your title. No extra empty lines are to be added. Your references in this list are numbered and sorted alphabetically. No lines are indented. Each item in this list starts from a new line. Below we will describe a format for referencing in detail. Â
Harvard Style Bibliography
Sometimes your professor or instructor might ask you to create a Bibliography section instead of a common Reference list. So what is the Harvard Bibliography format? Harvard style bibliography includes not only those sources you have cited in your text but also. It also includes materials which you have read to get ideas for your research and to better understand the context of a selected problem. So, such section would contain more items than a Reference list. Apart of that, the general Harvard Bibliography format is the same:Â Â
- Heading, âBibliographyâ is formatted the same way as a Level-1 subheading
- Sources are put into alphabetical order
- List is double-spaced
- Lines do not have any indent
- Each item of this list starts from a new line.
Harvard Style Citations: General Rules
Another crucial element of Harvard style is referring to your sources inside your essay. Thatâs why you should know how to cite in Harvard style. Keep in mind that the main purpose of a proper format is to ensure your paper is plagiarizm-free. Sometimes, you should cite ideas from books, magazines or newspapers. But you can only refer to such ideas, otherwise it will be considered a form of plagiarism. Below we will show you how to cite in Harvard style, providing general information about published sources. So let us proceed and learn more about shortened quotes and full references. Â
How to Quote in Harvard Style
Here are the rules of Harvard format in-text citation:
- Add them in parentheses, usually at the end of quotes.
- Put an authorâs last name and a publication year into round brackets, add page number if needed.
- When quoting a web page, give a paragraph number instead of a page since many websites donât divide text into pages.
- Direct citation requires quotation marks and a page number is mandatory in parenthesis
- If you have mentioned an authorâs name in your quote, do not include it into brackets, just leave a year and a page numbers there.
- Sometimes you might need to quote two different sources at once. In such case include both into the same parenthesis and divide them by a semicolon.
Creating References in Harvard Style
And this is how you should be referencing in Harvard style, providing full descriptions of the sources you have used. Let us start with the general book format:
- Last name of the author followed by comma and initials
- If there are multiple authors, their names are separated with comma, except the last one which must be separated by â&â
- Year of publication follows, without a comma
- A full title of the book is given, italicized
- Publisher name
- City and country where this book was published are the last to be provided.
Here are several Harvarvard referencing rules for other source types:
- Refer to an edited book by putting â(ed.)â or â(eds)â after the editor name(s)
- If a book was translated, add âtrans. I Lastnameâ
- Refer to an article in any book or journal by adding an article name in quotation marks but not italicized
- Refer to a website by adding âviewedâ and the date when youâve opened it, followed by the URL in angle brackets.
Bottom Line
In this article we have explored the Harvard referencing guide, one of the most popular ones for students in the UK. Feel free to use these tips and proceed to writing a winning essay with flawless formatting! Just keep in mind the following key concepts of the Harvard style:
- Title or cover page
- Headers and their contents
- Subheadings of two levels with different formatting
- Reference list with full-detailed description of sources
- In-text citations with lots of different forms for various quote types.
In conclusion, consider our custom term paper writing solution if you lack the time or got into writer's block.
If you have questions, please visit our FAQ section or contact our expert writers. They will gladly help you create references in line with all requirements. On top of that, our writers are highly experienced in academic writing and can assist you with any type of formatting. Â
FAQ About Harvard Format
1. is harvard reference style used in colleges.
The Harvard style can be used in colleges as well as in other educational institutions and even by professional researchers. While it is relatively popular in many countries for research paper referencing, Harvard style is most widespread in universities of the UK nowadays. Other styles (APA, MLA and Chicago) dominate the US educational institutions.
2. What is the difference between Harvard and Oxford referencing styles?
The Harvard style format is a typical example of an author-date system as it requires using authorâs names and publication dates for in-text referencing. You should create a complete reference list as a separate section in the end of your research paper. The Oxford style on the contrary uses numbered footnotes for citing sources used on your page. In-text citations on this page consist just from numbers of respective notes. Â
Emma Flores knows all about formatting standards. She shares with StudyCrumb readers tips on creating academic papers that will meet high-quality standards.
You may also like
Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing
Harvard Referencing Style Guide
What is referencing.
Whenever you write, the writings of others will influence your work. Although it is difficult to gauge all the influences, many of your ideas can be traced back to the resources and materials that you have consulted. These might be books, images , articles, reports, or, of course, the internet. These sources help enrich your writing by giving you ideas to build on. It is important always to give credit to the original thinkers and authors.
Referencing is the method that gives credit to the sources you have used in your work. You should provide references whenever you use a direct quote, paraphrase someone elseâs idea, or borrow conceptual words and phrases.
Referencing not only allows credit to be given where credit is due, but it also helps track the various influences on any original piece of writing. If you do not cite the sources of the ideas that you have used in your work, you run the risk of plagiarism. Plagiarism is not only unethical but is also an actual crime in some of its forms. But how do you reference?
Elements of Harvard referencing style
Harvard referencing is a popular method of adding citations to your work. Its appeal lies in the simplicity of the basic system it uses â the author-date structure. Along with this, in Harvard style, you only need to mention the source in two locations: in the in-text reference(s) and in the reference list. Both elements together incorporate all the necessary details about a source in the most efficient way.
So, while reading something, when you come across a citation that looks something like this:
Furley (1999) or (Furley, 1999)
it is an in-text reference that follows the author-date system.
This is an entry in the reference list for the same in-text reference.
Furley, D. (1999) Routledge history of philosophy volume II: from Aristotle to Augustine . 1st edn. London: Routledge.
These Harvard referencing examples provide details about the citation formats for different types of sources.
In-text reference/citation
As is obvious from the name, Harvard in-text citations are references included within the text, that is, inside the sentences that make up its content. These can either be direct statements or quotes, or a paraphrasing of the original work. This type of reference helps in precisely pointing out which portions of the text are borrowed from or influenced by which particular source.
In his work, Furley (1999) wrote about⊠OR âŠfrom Aristotleâs works (Furley, 1999).
As you can see, in-text references provide the authorâs surname and the year of publication. The year is provided because sometimes two or more works by the same author are referenced. In this case, the year helps in distinguishing between these works. Note that if you are citing a direct quotation, the in-text citation should also include the page number of that quote, for example (Furley, 1999, p. 2).
However, in-text citations donât provide other important details about these resources. Rather, they are short enough that you donât get interrupted while reading the text. Other details are presented in the reference list that you include at the end of your paper.
Reference list
A reference list presents the details of all the resources cited throughout the text in the form of a list at the end of your paper. It includes detailed entries about each of the referenced sources.
Citation structure:
Surname, Initial. (Publication year) Name of the document . Place of publication: Publisher.
Every in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the reference list. So, the reference list entry for the in-text citations discussed above would be:
Einstein, M. (2004) Media diversity: economics, ownership, and the FCC. New Jersey: Routledge.
This entry can also include other details like page numbers, editorâs name, edition, URL, access date, etc., depending upon the type of resource. A reference list allows you to provide all the necessary information without crowding your paper. With this list, you can keep track of how many materials you have consulted and even see if you need to include any more or any other kind of references in your text.
The difference between a bibliography and the Harvard referencing system
Typically, youâll refer to multiple sources and materials for writing a text, and just using a bibliography can be confusing. You can use the Harvard referencing system to point out the exact location of all your references.
By marking the in-text reference, you can easily locate which idea or quote corresponds to which author. This makes your work easy to read and understand. This way, you and your reader can easily trace the specific portions of the work back to the original texts.
You can also show how much of your text uses source material (whether directly or indirectly) and how much of it is your own ideas and thoughts.
Format for Harvard Referencing
Typically, a paper that uses Harvard referencing has the following format:
- 2.5 cm OR 1-inch margins on all sides
- Recommended fonts: Arial 12 pt or Times New Roman, with double-spacing
- Title is in the center of the page just above the text
- Left-aligned text, with the first sentence of every paragraph indented by 0.5 inch
- Last name is at the top-right corner of the header, followed by page number
- Title page is centre-aligned
- Subheadings are in sentence case and left-aligned
Key takeaways
- Referencing is a way of crediting the various resources consulted while writing a text. Harvard referencing is a system that allows you to include information about the source materials. It is based on the author-date system.
- It includes references: 1) as in-text citations and 2) in a reference list (which is different from a bibliography).
- In-text citations: (Author Surname, Year Published).
- Reference list entry: Author Surname, Initial. (Year Published) Title . Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.
For more help creating citations in Harvard style, try the EasyBib Harvard referencing generator !
Published October 25, 2020.
Harvard Formatting Guide
Harvard Formatting
- et al Usage
- Direct Quotes
- In-text Citations
- Multiple Authors
- Page Numbers
- Writing an Outline
- View Harvard Guide
Reference Examples
- View all Harvard Examples
How useful was this post?
Click on a star to rate it!
We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!
Let us improve this post!
Tell us how we can improve this post?
Harvard Referencing Examples
Writing Tools
Citation Generators
Other Citation Styles
Plagiarism Checker
Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.
Get Started
Harvard Style Citation and Referencing: a Detailed Guide from Experts
EssayPro's paper writing services has composed this Harvard referencing guide to help you with formatting your essay in the Harvard style citation and referencing. You can find out how to:
- format your paper in general;
- provide in-text citations;
- create a reference list.
Letâs get started with defining the Harvard style.
What Is Harvard Style?
Harvard style is one of the most popular formatting styles used in academic papers, along with APA, MLA, and Chicago. Harvard format dictates the general format of the paper, including the size of the margins, preferred font, etc. It also contains rules for citing sources â both in the text and in the list of references at the end of the paper.
Harvard referencing is commonly used in the following fields:
- Behavioral sciences
However, you may be requested to use the Harvard referencing system in other fields as well.
Struggling With Citing Papers on Your Own?
Give us your requirements, choose your writer and get a plagiarism-free paper on time.
Paper Formatting Guidelines
General rules.
- 1-inch margins from all sides.
- Times New Roman or Arial 12 pt. are the recommended fonts.
- Double spacing between the lines.
- The text is aligned to the left.
- The first line of each paragraph is indented by 0.5âł.
- A title in the center of your first page right before the text.
- Headers and page numbers (see below).
- The paper may include subheadings (dividing it into sections), a title page, an outline (a plan of your paper, read more about research paper outline ), and/or a list of references (see below).
Title, Headers, and Page Numbers
- Place a title before the text of your paper and make it center-aligned. Capitalize all the main words, for example: Do My Math Homework . Articles, short conjunctions, and prepositions are not capitalized. Do not make your title indented, italicized, underscored, or bold.
- Include a page number in the header of your paper, in the top right corner of a page.
- Place your last name in the header right before the page number.
Subheadings
Subheadings divide your paper into parts. For example, level 1 headings divide the whole paper into sections. Level 2 headings divide those sections into subsections.
Level 1 headings look just like the title of the paper. In other words, they are centered, capitalized, not bold, not underscored, not italicized, and not indented. After the heading, start typing your text on a new line as usual (indent the first line of your text by 0.5âł).
Level 2 headings are also capitalized. However, they are flush left (aligned to the left margin of the paper). They are also italicized. After this subheading, also start typing your subsection on a new line as usual.
Level 3 headings are similar to level 2 headings but they have to be flushed to the left margin.
Level 4 headings are used to start a sentence in a new paragraph. Donât capitalize them except for the first word of the header. For all intents and purposes, they look the same as the rest of the regular text in the paragraph except you should end such a header with a period and underline it.
Title Page Formatting
The title page, also known as the cover page, is the very first page of your paper. It contains the basic info about it, namely:
- The title of your paper, written in all caps. It should be centered and placed at approximately one-third of the way down the page.
- Your name should be centered and placed at approximately halfway down the page.
- At two-thirds of the way down the page, place the centered name and number of your course. Then (on the next line) your professorâs name, then (again on the following line) the name of your university, and, finally, the date on the line after that.
You can also find a template with an essay cover page example, headers, subheadings, and reference list example by clicking on the button down below.
Harvard Outline Format
An outline is a plan of your paper. It comes after the title page and lists all the subsections of the paper. So simply write the word âOutlineâ and place it at the center of the page, in the first line. Then list all your level 1 subheadings that you have in the paper (use a numbered list). Align them to the left, and capitalize them.
If you have level 2 subheadings, list them under the corresponding level 1 subheadings as bullet points. Be careful not to disrupt the numbering of your level 1 subheadings. Align the level 2 subheadings to the left, but probably indent them a bit (say, half an inch) for better appearance. Do not italicize them here, but leave them capitalized.
If you have done everything correctly, your outline should look like the one in the template above.
Harvard Style Reference List
Your list of Harvard references should be entitled âReference Listâ. These two words should be capitalized and centered, just like level 1 subheadings. The list must contain a bibliographical entry for every source you cited in the paper. Conversely, each source cited in the paper must have a corresponding reference list entry.
Find out more about how to format your bibliographical entries below or just ask our research paper writing services to help you.
Formatting Harvard In-Text Citations
Cite all your sources When you use information from any sources in your paper, you must provide Harvard style in text citation to show where that info came from. Otherwise, your text will be considered plagiarized.
General appearance of in-text citations In Harvard style citation is parenthetical, consisting of the authorâs surname and the year of publication. They look like this: (Smith & Johnson 2018). You may also include the page number, like so: (Smith & Johnson 2018, p. 35).
Direct quotes In Harvard referencing, if you provide exact words from some source, you must place that quote in quotation marks, and give the page number in your in-text citation. If you quote a website, you need to include the number of the paragraph the words are taken from, like this: (Smith & Johnson 2018, para. 4). Just count the paragraphs on the web page you are citing.
Mentioning authors in the text If you mention the name of the authors in the text, do not include it in parentheses. Also, use the word âandâ instead of the ampersand (&). For example, you may write: In their book, Smith and Johnson (2018, p. 15) claim that jumping from a skyscraper might be bad for your health.
Citing an author discussed in a different source If you are referring to an author who is discussed in a secondary source, you should mention the name of the original author, but state that this author is âcited inâ the source you are using. For example, if Kraut discusses Plato, you can say: Plato believed that the existence of the soul is independent of the body it inhabits (cited in Kraut 2017). Note: in this case, you will have to provide a bibliographic entry for Kraut and not for Plato in the References List.
Several sources in one citation If you wish to cite several sources in one set of parentheses, you should list them in the same order as they appear in your Reference List, and use a semicolon to separate them, like this: (Johnson 2015; Smith 2014).
Different Types of In-Text Citations + Examples
In Harvard referencing, in-text citations look different depending on the number of authors in your source. We provide two referencing examples for each case: in one, the source is not mentioned in the text, and in the other, it is.
- It is recommended to clean your teeth after dinner (Anderson 2015).
- Anderson (2015) recommends cleaning your teeth after dinner.
Two Authors
- Some students may actually enjoy writing papers (Ironicous & Sarcastish 2016).
- According to Ironicous and Sarcastish (2016), some students may actually enjoy writing papers.
Three Authors
- Gas giants do not have a hard surface (Peachy, Fluffy & Cozy 2014).
- According to Peachy, Fluffy and Cozy (2014), gas giants do not have a hard surface.
Four or More Authors
- Punishing children physically is considered an extremely harmful practice (Kickbutt et al. 2016).
- Kickbutt et al. (2016) states that punishing children physically is an extremely harmful practice.
Edited Source
- Disaster management is pivotal for lowering risks (eds LĂłpez-Carresi et al. 2014).
- According to the book edited by LĂłpez-Carresi et al. (2014), disaster management is pivotal for lowering risks.
Note: in a parenthetical citation, if there is only one editor, use âed.â before the name. If there are multiple editors, use âedsâ (without a period) before their names. If you mention their names in the text, just say that the source was âedited byâ before listing the name(s).
No Authors â
If the authors of a source are not mentioned, use the title of that source in your in-text citation. Note that in Harvard system of referencing, the title is italicized for books, brochures, periodicals, and reports. However, the title is put in single quotation marks when you need to cite a website, article, newspaper, or chapter name. Only capitalize the first word of the title. â
For books, periodicals, brochures, and reports:
- Some people might work well under pressure ( The psychology of pressure: an introduction 2010).
- According to The psychology of pressure: an introduction (2010), some people might work well under pressure.
For newspapers, articles, chapter titles, and Web pages:
- It is helpfully advised to act wisely in any situation (âTen brilliant tips to become successfulâ 2011).
- The article âTen brilliant tips to become successfulâ (2011) helpfully recommends to act wisely in any situation.
Also, you may shorten the title if it is too long. For instance, in the example above, you may write just The psychology of pressure (2010) instead of The psychology of pressure: an introduction (2010).
If there is no date in the source, use the abbreviation ân.d.â (no date) instead. All the other rules apply as usual.
- It is stated that the Earth is large ('The captainâs gazette' n.d.)
- One might not be surprised to learn that having a lot of money is better than having none, according to Allen (n.d.).
Read also about character analysis essay , one of challenging type of essay.
Jump to the button below instead of wasting your time
Harvard citation generator â it is not always accurate. Professional writers from EssayPro will do a better job!
Formatting the Reference List
- Alphabetical order. Your reference list should be alphabetized according to the first letter of the first word of each reference entry (usually itâs the first authorâs surname). However, if a reference entry starts with the words âa,â âanâ, or âthe,â ignore them and alphabetize according to the first letter of the next word.
For instance, if you cite a source whose authors are not listed, and the entry starts with its title, e.g., âThe importance of doing things well,â then you should alphabetize it according to the word âimportance.â
- Placement of entries. In Harvard reference style, each bibliographical entry must start from a new line. They are aligned to the left and not indented at all (which makes your reference list look like a total mess).
- Spacing. Maintain double-spacing throughout your reference list.
- Capitalization. In titles of books, book chapters, and articles from the Web, capitalize only the first letter. However, when citing scientific journals or newspapers, capitalize all the main words of their titles (i.e., not prepositions, articles, conjunctions, etc.).
See specific Harvard reference examples below.
- Referencing multiple authors. Even though Harvard style in text citation requires a writer to use âet al.â when there are four or more authors in a source, you need to list all the authors in a bibliographical entry. Yes, all of them, even if there are 25.
- Several works by the same author. In the Harvard style reference list, sources by the same author should be arranged by the year of publication. If there are several works by the same author published in the same year, arrange them in the alphabetical order of their titles, and add letters âa,â âb,â âc,â etc. after the year, like so: Smith, JH 2014a, A big book , Big Book Publisher, London, UK. Smith, JH 2014b, A small book , Small Book Publisher, London, UK.
Note: This will let you differentiate between in-text citations: (Smith 2014a; Smith 2014b).
Harvard Style Citation: Video Guide
General Book Format Last Name, Initials Year of Publication, Title of the book: subtitle of the book, if any, Publishing House, City, State Abbreviation or Country.
Book With One Author Doel, M 2012, Social work: the basics, Routledge, New York, NY.
Book With Two Authors Tschudin, V & Davis, AJ 2008, The globalization of nursing, Radcliffe Publishing, Oxford, UK.
Book With Three Authors Cretu, O, Stewart, RB & Berends, T 2011, Risk management for design and construction, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
Book With Four or More Authors Evans, J, Grimshaw, P, Philips, D & Swain, S 2003, Equal subjects, unequal rights: indigenous peoples in British settler colonies 1830s-1910, Manchester University Press, Manchester, UK.
Edited Book LĂłpez-Carresi, A, Fordham, M, Wisner, B, Kelman, I & Gaillard, JC (eds) 2014 Disaster management: international lessons in risk reduction, response and recovery, Routledge, New York, NY.
Note: if there is only one editor, use (ed.) after the name. If there are multiple editors, use (eds) after their names.
BookâEdition Other Than First Field, A 2013, Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics: and sex and drugs and rock'n'roll, 4th edn, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Translated Book Weber, M 2003, The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, trans. T Parsons, Dover Publications, New York, NY, original work published 1905.
Chapter in an Edited Book Luna, EM 2014, 'Community-based disaster risk reduction and disaster management', in A LĂłpez-Carresi, M Fordham, B Wisner, I Kelman & JC Gaillard (eds), Disaster management: international lessons in risk reduction, response and recovery, Routledge, New York, NY, pp. 43-63.
No Author The Oxford dictionary of abbreviations 1998, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
E-Book Doel, M 2012, Social work: the basics, Routledge, viewed 19 April 2018, via Google Books.
Periodicals
Journal Articles Viñuales, JE 2013, âThe rise and fall of sustainable developmentâ, Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 3-13.
Conference Proceedings Bingulac, SP 1994 'On the compatibility of adaptive controllers', Proceedings of 4th Annual Allerton Conference on Circuit and System Theory, New York, NY, pp. 8-16.
Newspaper Articles Waterford, J 2007, âBill of Rights gets it wrongâ, Canberra Times, 30 May, p. 11.
Online Newspapers Matthews, J & Smithson, LW 2015, 'The latest reform causes large-scale protests', The Contemporary News Gazette, 11 August, viewed 26 April 2018, <www.website.com articleone="">.</www.website.com>
Other Sources
Web Pages Jameson, S 2017, Protests in Portugal reached unseen scope, viewed 27 April 2018, <www.website.com articletwo="">.</www.website.com>
Blog Articles Brown, A 2016, 'How to Harvard reference a website and other sources', Referencing: Harvard Style Blog, web log post, 20 June, viewed 26 April 2018, <www.website.com blog="" articlethree="">.</www.website.com>
Dissertation or Thesis
- Print version: Reed, C 2013, 'The experiences of leaders who took their lives in their hands', PhD Thesis, The University of Modern Education.
- Retrieved from the Web: Johnston, AC 2017, 'A study of nursing leadership styles in the todayâs clinical setting', MSc Thesis, The University of Contemporary Nursing, viewed 25 April 2018, <www.website.edu dissertationone="">.</www.website.edu>
Note: Do not forget to specify what type of thesis it is (BA Thesis, MSc Thesis, PhD Thesis, etc.).
Motion Picture (Movie) The lord of the rings: the return of the king 2003, motion picture, Imagine Films, Auckland, NZ. Produced by Steve Pyke; directed by Peter Jackson.
Television Program Stateline 2009, television broadcast, ABC TV, Canberra, 4 September. Presented by Chris Kimball.
Radio Broadcast The book show 2009, radio broadcast, ABC Radio National, Melbourne, 19 November.
In case your task is ' rewrite my essay ' or any other, address to our essay service.
Struggling to Master the Harvard Style Citation and Referencing?
After countless hours of putting together a compelling list of resources, most students lack the energy to structure them accordingly. Feel free to try our essay writing help for such tasks.
Related Articles
Parenthetical statement + Harvard citation?
no comments yet
Be the first to share what you think!
About Community
Generate formatted bibliographies, citations, and works cited automatically
What is mybib.
MyBib is a free bibliography and citation generator that makes accurate citations for you to copy straight into your academic assignments and papers.
If you're a student, academic, or teacher, and you're tired of the other bibliography and citation tools out there, then you're going to love MyBib. MyBib creates accurate citations automatically for books, journals, websites, and videos just by searching for a title or identifier (such as a URL or ISBN).
Plus, we're using the same citation formatting engine as professional-grade reference managers such as Zotero and Mendeley, so you can be sure our bibliographies are perfectly accurate in over 9,000 styles -- including APA 6 & 7, Chicago, Harvard, and MLA 7 & 8.
Harvard Citation Generator
Powered by chegg.
- Select style:
- Archive material
- Chapter of an edited book
- Conference proceedings
- Dictionary entry
- Dissertation
- DVD, video, or film
- E-book or PDF
- Edited book
- Encyclopedia article
- Government publication
- Music or recording
- Online image or video
- Presentation
- Press release
- Religious text
What is the Harvard Referencing System?
The Harvard citation style is a system that students, writers and researchers can use to incorporate other peopleâs quotes, findings and ideas into their work in order to support and validate their conclusions without breaching any intellectual property laws. The popular format is typically used in assignments and publications for humanities as well as natural, social and behavioural sciences.
It is a parenthetical referencing system that is made up of two main components:
- In-text citations including the authorâs surname and the year of publication should be shown in brackets wherever another source has contributed to your work
- A reference list outlining all of the sources directly cited in your work
Whilst in-text citations are used to briefly indicate where you have directly quoted or paraphrased a source, your reference list is an alphabetized list of complete Harvard citations that enables your reader to locate each source with ease. Each entry should be keyed to a corresponding parenthetical citation in the main body of your work, so that a reader can take an in-text citation and quickly retrieve the source from your reference list.
Note that some universities, and certain disciplines, may also require you to provide a bibliography. This is a detailed list of all of the material you have consulted throughout your research and preparation, and it will demonstrate the lengths you have gone to in researching your chosen topic.
âHarvard referencingâ is an umbrella term for any referencing style that uses the author name and year of publication within the text to indicate where you have inserted a source. This author-date system appeals to both authors and readers of academic work. Scholars find the format an economical way of writing, and it is generally more accessible to the reader as there are no footnotes crowding the page. Only the name of the author, the publication date of the source and, if necessary, the page numbers are included in the parenthetical citations, for example: (Joyce, 2008).
Use Cite This For Meâs Harvard style referencing generator to create your fully-formatted in-text references and reference list in the blink of an eye. Stop giving yourself extra pain and work for no reason and sign up to Cite This For Me today – your only regret will be that you didnât use our open-generator sooner!
Popular Harvard Referencing Examples
- Chapter of a book
- Conference proceedingsÂ
- Court caseÂ
- DissertationÂ
- Encyclopedia articleÂ
- Image online or video
- Presentation or lecture
- Video, film, or DVD
Cite This For Meâs Harvard Referencing Guide
The following guide provides you with everything you need to know to do justice to all your hard work and get a mark that reflects those sleepless nights. If youâre not sure how to format your Harvard style citations, what citations are, or are simply curious about Cite This For Me citation generator, our guide will answer all of your questions whilst offering you a comprehensive introduction to the style. Keep reading to find out why you need to use a referencing system, how to add citations in the body of your assignment, and how to compile a reference list.
Sometimes, students do not encounter citing until they embark onto degree-level studies, yet it is a crucial academic skill that will propel you towards establishing yourself in the academic community. Itâs a common mistake to leave citing and creating a complete and accurate bibliography until the very last minute, but with Cite This For Meâs Harvard referencing generator you can cite-as-you-go.
So, if you need a helping hand with your referencing then why not try Cite This For Meâs automated citation generator ? The generator accesses knowledge from across the web, assembling all of the relevant information into a fully-formatted reference list that clearly presents all of the sources that have contributed to your work. Using this Harvard reference generator to cite your sources enables you to cross the finishing line in style.
It is important to bear in mind that there is a plethora of different citation styles out there – the use of any particular one depends on the preference of your college, subject, professor or the publication you are submitting the work to. If youâre unsure which style you should be using, consult your tutor and follow their guidelines. If your lecturer or department does not ask you to use a particular style, we recommend using the Harvard referencing system because it is simple to use and easy to learn.
The powerful open-access generator above can auto-generate citations in 1,000+ styles. So, whether your professor prefers that you use the MLA format , or your discipline requires you to adopt the APA citation or Chicago citation style , we have the style you need. Cite This For Me also provides open generators and handy style guides for styles such as ASA , AMA or IEEE . To accurately create citations in a specific format, simply sign up to Cite This For Me for free and select your chosen style.
Are you struggling with citing an unfamiliar source type? Or feeling confused about whether to cite a piece of common knowledge? This guide will tell you everything you need to know to get both your parenthetical Harvard citations and reference list completed quickly and accurately.
Why do I Need to Cite?
Harvard referencing can be a confusing task, especially if you are new to the concept, but itâs absolutely essential. In fact, accurate and complete referencing can mean the difference between reaching your academic goals and damaging your reputation amongst scholars. Simply put – referencing is the citing of sources you have utilised to support your essay, research, conference or article etc.
Even if you are using our Harvard style citation generator, understanding why you need to cite will go a long way in helping you to naturally integrate the process into your research and writing routine.
Firstly, whenever another source contributes to your work you must give the original author the appropriate credit in order to avoid plagiarism, even when you have completely reworded the information. The only exception to this rule is common knowledge – e.g. Barack Obama is President of the United States. Whilst plagiarism is not always intentional, it is easy to accidentally plagiarize your work when you are under pressure from imminent deadlines, you have managed your time ineffectively, or if you lack confidence when putting ideas into your own words. The consequences can be severe; deduction of marks at best, expulsion from college or legal action from the original author at worst. Find out more here.
This may sound overwhelming, but plagiarism can be easily avoided by using our Harvard citation generator and carrying out your research and written work thoughtfully and responsibly. We have compiled a handy checklist to follow whilst you are working on an assignment.
How to avoid plagiarism:
- Formulate a detailed plan – carefully outline both the relevant content you need to include, as well as how you plan on structuring your work
- Keep track of your sources – record all of the relevant publication information as you go (e.g. If you are citing a book you should note the author or editorâs name(s), year of publication, title, edition number, city of publication and name of publisher). Carefully save each quote, word-for-word, and place it in inverted commas to differentiate it from your own words. Tired of interrupting your workflow to cite? Use our Harvard referencing generator to automate the process
- Manage your time effectively – make use of time plans and targets, and give yourself enough time to read, write and proofread
- When you are paraphrasing information, make sure that you use only your own words and a sentence structure that differs from the original text
- Save all of your research and citations in a safe place – organise and manage your Harvard style citations.
If you carefully check your college or publisherâs advice and guidelines on citing and stick to this checklist, you should be confident that you will not be accused of plagiarism.
Secondly, proving that your writing is informed by appropriate academic reading will enhance your workâs authenticity. Academic writing values original thought that analyzes and builds upon the ideas of other scholars. It is therefore important to use Harvard style referencing to accurately signpost where you have used someone elseâs ideas in order to show that your writing is based on knowledge and informed by appropriate academic reading. Citing your sources will demonstrate to your reader that you have delved deeply into your chosen topic and supported your thesis with expert opinions.
Here at Cite This For Me we understand how precious your time is, which is why we created our Harvard citation generator and guide to help relieve the unnecessary stress of citing. Escape assignment-hell and give yourself more time to focus on the content of your work by using Cite This For Me citation management tool.
Harvard Referencing Guidelines by School
- Anglia University Harvard Referencing
- Bournemouth University Harvard Referencing
- Cardiff University Harvard Referencing
- Coventry University Harvard Referencing
- DMU Harvard Referencing
- Edge Hill University Harvard Referencing
- Imperial College University Harvard Referencing
- Leeds University Harvard Referencing
- LSBU Harvard Referencing
- MMU Harvard Referencing
- SHU Harvard Referencing
- Staffordshire University Harvard Referencing
- UCA Harvard Referencing
- UWE Harvard Referencing
- UWS Harvard Referencing
- Wolverhampton University Harvard Referencing
How do I Create and Format In-text Harvard Style Citations?
In-text citations are the perfect way to seamlessly integrate sources into your work, allowing you to strengthen the connection between your own ideas, and the source material that you have found, with ease. It is worth noting that in-text citations must be included in your assignmentâs final word count.
When adopting Harvard style referencing in your work, if you are inserting a quote, statement, statistic or any other kind of source information into the main body of your essay you should:
- Provide the authorâs surname and date of publication in brackets right after the taken information or at the end of the sentence
There are many assumptions when it comes to the information processing approach to cognition⊠(Lutz and Huitt, 2004).
- If you have already mentioned the author in the sentence, Harvard referencing guidelines require you to only enter the year of publication in parentheses, directly after where the authorâs surname is mentioned
In the overview of these developmental theories, Lutz and Huitt (2004) suggest thatâŠ
- If you are quoting a particular section of the source (rather than the entire work), you should also include a page number, or page range, after the date, within the parenthetical Harvard citation
“…the development of meaning is more important than the acquisition of a large set of knowledge or skills …” (Lutz and Huitt, 2004, p.8), which means that …
- Note that if the source has four or more authors, you do not need to write out all of their surnames; simply use the first authorâs surname followed by the abbreviation âet al.â (meaning âand othersâ) in italics
Why use a Harvard referencing tool? As well as saving you valuable time, Cite This For Me generator will enable you to easily avoid common errors when formatting your in-text citations. So, if youâre looking for an easy and free way to credit your source material, simply login to your Cite This For Me account, select âCite Them Right 10th Edition – Harvardâ, then âCreate referenceâ, to copy, save and export each in-text Harvard citation instantly.
How do I Format My Reference List?
Utilizing and building on a wide range of relevant sources is a guaranteed way of impressing your reader, and a comprehensive list of the source material you have used is the perfect platform to exhibit your research efforts. The brief in-text Harvard style citations in your work should directly link to your reference list.
As a general rule a reference list includes every source that you have cited in your work, whilst a bibliography also contains any relevant background reading which you have consulted (even those sources that are never mentioned in the narrative). Your bibliography should start on its own page, with the same formatting as the rest of the paper and aligned to the left with the sources listed alphabetically. Many people use the terms âreference listâ and âbibliographyâ interchangeably, and if you are using the Harvard reference style you may be required to provide a bibliography as well as a reference list, so be sure to check this with your tutor.
Follow these guidelines when compiling your reference list:
- Start your reference list on a new page at the end of your document
- General formatting should be in keeping with the rest of your work
- Use âReference Listâ as the heading
- Copy each of your full-length Harvard citations into a list
- Arrange the list in alphabetical order by the authorâs last name (titles with no author are alphabetized by the workâs title, and if you are citing two or more sources by the same author they should be listed in chronological order of the year of publication)
- When there are several works from one author or source, they should be listed together but in date order – with the earliest work listed first
- Italicize titles of books, reports, conference proceedings etc. For journal articles, the title of the journal should be printed in italics, rather than the title of the journal article
- Capitalize the first letter of the publication title, the first letters of all main words in the title of a journal, and all first letters of a place name and publisher
Creating and managing your reference list with Cite This For Meâs Harvard referencing generator will transform and improve the way you reference and conduct research.
Reference list / bibliography examples:
- Book, one author:
Bell, J. (2010) Doing your research project. 5th edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
- One author, book, multiple editions:
Hawking, S.W. (1998) A brief history of time: From the big bang to black holes. 10th edn. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group.
If all information resembles a book, use the template for a book reference.
If a page number is unavailable, use chapter number. URL links are not necessary, but can be useful. When including a URL, include the date the book was downloaded at the end of the Harvard citation:
Available at: URL (Downloaded: DD Month YYYY)
- More than three authors, journal article*:
Shakoor, S., et al. (2011) âA prospective longitudinal study of childrenâs theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullyingâ, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(3), pp. 254â261. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02488.x.
- Conference papers:
Drogen, E. (2014) âChanging how we think about war: The role of psychologyâ, The British Psychological Society 2014 Annual Conference. The ICC, Birmingham British Psychological Society, 07-09 May 2014.
Are you struggling to find all of the publication information to complete a reference? Did you know that our Harvard citation generator can do it for you?
Time is of the essence when youâre finishing a paper, but thereâs no need to panic because you can compile your reference list in a matter of seconds using Cite This For Meâs Harvard style citation generator.
Harvard Referencing Formatting Guidelines
Accurate referencing doesnât only protect your work from plagiarism – presenting your source material in a consistent and clear way also enhances the readability of your work. Closely follow the styleâs formatting rules on font type, font size, text-alignment and line spacing to ensure that your work is easily legible. Before submitting your work check that you have formatted your whole paper – including your reference list – according to the styleâs formatting guidelines.
How to format in Harvard referencing:
- Margins: 2.5cm on all sides
- Shortened title followed by the page number in the header, aligned to the right
- Double-space the entirety of the paper
- œ inch indentation for every new paragraph (press tab bar)
- Suggested fonts: Times New Roman, Arial and Courier New for Windows; Times New Roman, Helvetica and Courier for Mac, 12pt size. Ensure that all Harvard citations are in the same font as the rest of the work
- Reference list titled âBibliographyâ on a separate page at the end of the body of your work
Even when using a Harvard citation generator, always check with your professor for specified guidelines – there is no unified style for the formatting of a paper. Make sure that you apply the recommended formatting rules consistently throughout your work.
A Brief History of the Harvard Reference Style
The author-date system is attributed to eminent zoologist Edward Laurens Mark (1847-1946), Hersey professor of anatomy and director of Harvardâs zoological laboratory. It is widely agreed that the first evidences of Harvard referencing can be traced back to Markâs landmark cytological paper (Chernin, 1988). The paper breaks away from previous uses of inconsistent and makeshift footnotes through its use of a parenthetical author-date citation accompanied by an explanatory footnote.
- Parenthetic author-year citation, page 194 of Markâs 1881 paper:
[…] The appearance may be due solely to reflection from the body itself. (Comp. Flemming, â78b, p. 310.*)
- Markâs rationale for his Harvard citational scheme:
*The numbers immediately following an authorâs name serve the double purpose of referring the reader to the list (p. 591) where the titles of papers are given, and of informing him at once of the approximate date of the paper in question.
A tribute dedicated to Mark in 1903 by 140 students credits Markâs paper with having âintroduced into zoology a proper fullness and accuracy of citation and a convenient and uniform method of referring from text to bibliographyâ (Parker, 1903). Today Harvard referencing is widely considered one of the most accessible styles and, although it originated in biology, these days it is used across most subjects – particularly in the humanities, history and social science.
The Evolution of the Harvard Referencing Style
Due to its simplicity and ease of use, the format has become one of the most widely used citation styles in the world. Unlike many citing styles there is no official manual, but institutions such as colleges offer their own unique Harvard reference style guide, and each has its own nuances when it comes to punctuation, order of information and formatting rules. Simply go to the Cite This For Me website to login to your Cite This For Me account and search for the version you need. Make sure you apply consistency throughout your work.
It is increasingly easy for writers to access information and knowledge via the internet, and in turn both the styleâs guidelines and our open-generator are continually updated to include developments in electronic publishing. Cite This For Meâs Harvard style citation generator currently uses the Cite Them Right 10th Edition, which has evolved in recent years to match the rapidly advancing digital age. In order to avoid plagiarism, you must be cautious about pulling information from the internet, and ensure that you accurately cite all source material used in your written work – including all online sources that have contributed to your research.
Key differences from previous Cite Them Right editions:
- Previous editions required printed books and eBooks to be referenced differently – in the 10th edition, both are now referenced using the same template (if all the necessary information is available). An Ebook is considered to be the digital format of a published book (or a book that is only published in digital format) that is meant for reading on an electronic device
- URLs are no longer a requirement for digital media if the information provided in the Harvard citation is sufficient to find the source without it. They should be included if the source is difficult to find, or pieces of source information – such as an author name – are missing
- If you have more than 3 authors for a source, you are now encouraged to use the abbreviation “et al.” instead of listing each author.
These days students draw on a diverse range of digital sources to support their written work. The Cite This For Me generator will take care of all your Harvard citations, regardless of the type of source you want to cite. So donât be held back by sources that are difficult to cite – locating unusual source material will help your work to stand out from the crowd.
How do I Create Accurate Harvard Citations?
Creating complete and correctly formatted citations can be a challenge for many writers, especially when documenting multiple source types. Our primary goal at Cite This For Me is to offer support to students and researchers across the globe by transforming the way in which they perceive citing. We hope that after using our open-generator and reading this Harvard referencing guide, what was once considered an arduous process, will be viewed as a highly valued skill that enhances the quality of your work.
Disheartened by the stressful process of citing? Got a fast-approaching deadline? Using Cite This For Me’s fast, accessible and free generator makes creating accurate citations easier than ever, leaving more time for you to focus on achieving your academic goals.
Create a free account to add and edit each Harvard citation on the spot, import and export full projects or individual entries, utilise our add-ons and save your work in the cloud.
Cite on-the-go with your mobile phone or tablet – when you scan the barcode of your book with the mobile app, the generator will automatically add the fully-formatted citation to your chosen project.
Cite This For Meâs citation management tool is here to help you, so what are you waiting for? Accurate Harvard citations are just a click away!
Reference List
Chernin, E. (1988) The âHarvard Systemâ: A mystery dispelled. Available at: http://www.uefap.com/writing/referenc/harvard.pdf (Accessed: 4 July 2016).
Parker, G. (ed.) (1903) Mark anniversary volume. New York: Henry Holt.
Manage all your citations in one place
Create projects, add notes, cite directly from the browser and scan books’ barcodes with a mobile app.
Sign up to Cite This For Me – the ultimate citation management tool.
- TutorHome |
- IntranetHome |
- Contact the OU Contact the OU Contact the OU |
- Accessibility Accessibility
- StudentHome
- Help Centre
Library Services
Your gateway to a wide range of online information resources
You are here
Help and support.
- Referencing and plagiarism
Quick guide to Harvard referencing (Cite Them Right)
- Site Accessibility: Library Services
Print this page
There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .Â
For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Libraryâs page on referencing and plagiarism .
In-text citations and full references
Referencing consists of two elements:
- in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date. If using direct quotations or you refer to a specific section in the source you also need the page number/s if available, or paragraph number for web pages.
- full references, which are given in alphabetical order in reference list at the end of your work and are not included in the word count. Full references give full bibliographical information for all the sources you have referred to in the body of your text.
Difference between reference list and bibliography
a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your textÂ
a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignmentâŻ
Back to top
Examples of in-text citations
You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below:
Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.
Examples of full references
Module websites, online module materials.
(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).
When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
OR, if there is no named author:
The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
The Open University (2022) â3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth researchâ. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633§ion=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:
The Open University (2022) âVideo 2.7 An example of a Frith-HappĂ© animationâ. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014 §ion=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
The Open University (2022) âAudio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)â. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941§ion=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.
Forum messages
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) âA215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).
Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.
Example with one author:
Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Example with two or three authors:
Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care . Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.
Example with four or more authors:
Young, H.D. et al.  (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list)Â and your approach should be consistent.
Chapter in edited book
Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.
Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor, (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83â95.
Journal articles
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. If accessed online: Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education â, 33(3), pp. 323-326.Â
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education â, 33(3), pp. 323-326. Available at: https://doi-org.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/10.1080/02619761003602246
Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'MĂĄlaga â a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187â212. Available at: https://www-tandfonline-com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/doi/full/10.1080/17551... (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
Newspaper articles
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) âÂŁ10,000 carrot to tempt physics expertsâ, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.
Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).
Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).
Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Getting started with the online library
- Disabled user support
- Finding resources for your assignment
- Finding ejournals and articles
- Access eresources using Google Scholar
- Help with online resources
- Finding and using books and theses
- Finding information on your research topic
- Canllaw Cyflym i Gyfeirnodi Harvard (Cite Them Right)
- Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules
- The Classical Studies guide to referencing
- Bibliographic management
- Where do I find the OU's Harvard Guide to citing references?
- What if I cannot find the reference type I need in my referencing guide?
- I have found a web page with no author, date or publisher - how do I reference it?
- Training and skills
- Study materials
- Using other libraries and SCONUL Access
- Borrowing at the Walton Hall Library
- OU Glossary
- Contacting the helpdesk
Smarter searching with library databases
Thursday, 30 March, 2023 - 19:30
Learn how to access library databases, take advantage of the functionality they offer, and devise a proper search technique.
Library Helpdesk
Chat to a Librarian  - Available 24/7
Other ways to contact the Library Helpdesk
The Open University
- Study with us
- Supported distance learning
- Funding your studies
- International students
- Global reputation
- Apprenticeships
- Develop your workforce
- News & media
- Contact the OU
Undergraduate
- Arts and Humanities
- Art History
- Business and Management
- Combined Studies
- Computing and IT
- Counselling
- Creative Writing
- Criminology
- Early Years
- Electronic Engineering
- Engineering
- Environment
- Film and Media
- Health and Social Care
- Health and Wellbeing
- Health Sciences
- International Studies
- Mathematics
- Mental Health
- Nursing and Healthcare
- Religious Studies
- Social Sciences
- Social Work
- Software Engineering
- Sport and Fitness
Postgraduate
- Postgraduate study
- Research degrees
- Masters in Art History (MA)
- Masters in Computing (MSc)
- Masters in Creative Writing (MA)
- Masters degree in Education
- Masters in Engineering (MSc)
- Masters in English Literature (MA)
- Masters in History (MA)
- Master of Laws (LLM)
- Masters in Mathematics (MSc)
- Masters in Psychology (MSc)
- A to Z of Masters degrees
- Accessibility statement
- Conditions of use
- Privacy policy
- Cookie policy
- Manage cookie preferences
- Modern slavery act (pdf 149kb)
OU Community
- OpenLearn: free learning
- OU on TV and radio
OU Students Community
- OU Students Association
- OU Students Shop (including exam papers)
- OU Students Forums
- OU Students on Facebook
- OU Students on Twitter
- OU Students Freshers
Find your personal contacts including your tutor and student support team:
Help with the University’s computing systems:
Help with accessing the online library, referencing and using libraries near you:
- Study planning and funding
- Student Policies and Regulations
- Student Charter
- Contact the OU Contact the OU
- Modern Slavery Act (pdf 149kb)
© . . .
- Bibliography
- More Referencing guides Blog Automated transliteration Relevant bibliographies by topics
- Automated transliteration
- Relevant bibliographies by topics
- Referencing guides
How to format the bibliography page in Harvard style?
Create a spot-on reference in harvard.
Select a source type:
- Journal article
- Video (online)
- All types...
- Archival document
- Book chapter
- Complete reference
- Conference paper
- Dictionary entry
- Dissertation / Thesis
- Encyclopedia
- Encyclopedia article
- Extended abstract of dissertation
- Newspaper article
- Press release
- Religious text
- Social media post
How to order the references in a list of references
Different variations of the Harvard citation style may offer different approaches to the ordering of references in a bibliography. According to the recommendations developed by the Sheffield University taken as the basis for the Harvard system on Grafiati, the following criteria apply when ordering a list of references under Harvard:
- References are sorted in alphabetical order based on the first author's name.
- A source with one author precedes a source with multiple authors, if they have the same first author.
- If the bibliography contains multiple works by the same author, they are sorted chronologically.
- If several works by the same author were published during the same year, a Latin minuscule from 'a' to 'z' is added to the year value.
Example of an ordered list of references according to the Harvard style:
Haspelmath, Â M., (2016a). The serial verb construction: comparative concept and cross-linguistic generalizations. Language and Linguistics [online]. 17 (3), 291â319. [Viewed 24Â January 2021]. Available from: doi: 10.1177/2397002215626895
Haspelmath, Â M., (2016b). Universals of causative and anticausative verb formation and the spontaneity scale. Lingua Posnaniensis [online]. 58 (2), 33â63. [Viewed 14Â January 2021]. Available from: doi: 10.1515/linpo-2016-0009
Haspelmath, Â M., (2020). The morph as a minimal linguistic form. Morphology [online]. 30 (2), 117â134. [Viewed 14Â January 2021]. Available from: doi: 10.1007/s11525-020-09355-5
Kirkham, Â S., (2015). Intersectionality and the social meanings of variation: class, ethnicity, and social practice. Language in Society [online]. 44 (5), 629â652. [Viewed 14 January 2021]. Available from: doi: 10.1017/s0047404515000585
Kirkham, Â S. and Nance, Â C., (2017). An acoustic-articulatory study of bilingual vowel production: advanced tongue root vowels in Twi and tense/lax vowels in Ghanaian English. Journal of Phonetics [online]. 62 , 65â81. [Viewed 14 January 2021]. Available from: doi: 10.1016/j.wocn.2017.03.004
Using the web service Grafiati , you can automatically order the references in your bibliography in accordance with the Harvard style with due account for the rules described above and other nuances. To do this, select the 'According to citation style' sorting option from the main menu, and we will take care of the rest.
How to format a references page
As there are no uniform rules of the Harvard citation style, there are no precise requirements as regards the use of particular fonts, intervals, indents, margins, etc. either. Therefore, in order to format your bibliography page correctly, please read the instructions of the particular scholarly journal or university or contact your tutor.
Other citation styles:
Apa (7th ed.).
- What is APA Style (7th ed.)?
- Examples of bibliographic references in APA (7th ed.)
- APA 7 vs APA 6: key differences
- How to cite authors?
- How to format the references page with APA (7th ed.)?
- In-text citations
- Dictionary/encyclopedia/dictionary entry/encyclopedia article
- Dissertation (thesis)
MLA (8th ed.)
- What is MLA Style (8th ed.)?
- Examples of references in works cited in MLA (8th ed.)
- How to format the works cited page in MLA (8th ed.)?
Chicago (17th ed.) (notes and bibliography)
- What is Chicago Style?
- Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style â notes and bibliography (17th ed.)
- How to format the bibliography page?
- Notes and in-text citations
Chicago (17th ed.) (author-date)
- Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style â author-date (17th ed.)
- What is Harvard referencing style?
- Examples of bibliographic references in Harvard style
- Online video
- What is IEEE Style?
- Examples of bibliographic references in IEEE Style
- How to format the references pages in IEEE Style?
- What is Vancouver Style?
- Examples of bibliographic references in Vancouver Style
Harvard Citation Style: All Examples
- Introduction
- Books / E-Books
- Company Information
- Conference Proceedings
- Internet / Websites
- Journal Articles
- Lecture Notes
- Multi-Media Formats
- Patents and Standards
- All Examples
- Writing Support
- Citation Support
In-text citations
Two or more works cited at one point in the text
If two or more works by different authors or authoring bodies are cited at one point in the text, use a semi-colon to separate them:
(Larsen 2000; Malinowski 1999)
The authors should be listed in alphabetical order.
Two or three authors or authoring bodies
When citing a work by two or three authors or authoring bodies, cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page:
(Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995)
In-Text & Reference List Examples
- << Previous: Theses
- Next: Writing Support >>
- Last Updated: Jan 11, 2023 1:26 PM
- URL: https://guides.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/harvard_citation
Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library
2300 Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20037 Phone: (202) 994-2850 [email protected] https://himmelfarb.gwu.edu Staff Login -->
- Health Info @ Himmelfarb
- Library Catalog
- Course Reserves
- Health Sciences Research Commons
- Mobile Apps
- Technology Resources
- Himmelfarb Tutorials
- More Resources
- My Library Account
- Ask a Librarian
- Faculty Services
- Online Education
- Alumni Services
- 3D Printing at Himmelfarb
- Off Campus Access
- Researcher Profile Audit Service
- Study Room Reservations
- Systematic Review Service
- Borrow From Himmelfarb
- Borrow From Other Libraries
- GW Writing Center
- More Services
- Access to Himmelfarb
- Annual Reports
- Department Liaisons
- Library Events
- Library Policies
- Social Media @himmelfarbGW
- Staff Directory
- Working at Himmelfarb
- More Information
- Privacy Notice
- Terms of Use
- Plagiarism and grammar
- Citation guides
Elsevier Harvard 2 Citation Generator
Keep all of your citations in one safe place
Create an account to save all of your citations
Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper
Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.
- Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
- Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
- Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
- Book: What have reviews said about it?
- What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
- Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
- Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
- Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
- Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
- Are there ads?
- When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
- Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
- Does the source even have a date?
- Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
- If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?
MLA Format: Everything You Need to Know and More
Filled with a wide variety of examples and visuals, our Citation MachineÂź MLA guide will help you master the citation process. Learn how to cite websites, books, journal articles, magazines, newspapers, films, social media, and more!
MLA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs
Comprehensive Guide to APA Format
Our Citation MachineÂź APA guide is a one-stop shop for learning how to cite in APA format. Read up on what APA is, or use our citing tools and APA examples to create citations for websites, books, journals, and more!
APA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs
Everything You Need to Know About Chicago Style
Creating citations in Chicago style has never been easier thanks to our extensive Citation MachineÂź Chicago style guide and tools. Learn about footnotes, endnotes, and everything in between, or easily create citations for websites, books, journal articles, and more!
Chicago Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDFs
Citation MachineÂźâs Ultimate Writing Guides
Whether youâre a student, writer, foreign language learner, or simply looking to brush up on your grammar skills, our comprehensive grammar guides provide an extensive overview on over 50 grammar-related topics. Confused about reflexive verbs, demonstrative adjectives, or conjunctive adverbs? Look no further! Learn about these grammar topics and many, many more in our thorough and easy to understand reference guides!
Citing Sources Guide | Grammar Guide | Plagiarism Guide | Writing Tips
Student Blog
Stay up to date! Get research tips and citation information or just enjoy some fun posts from our student blog.
- Citation MachineÂź Plus
- Citation Guides
- Chicago Style
- Harvard Referencing
- Terms of Use
- Global Privacy Policy
- Cookie Notice
- DO NOT SELL MY INFO
Citation Styles
Harvard Style Citation
How to do Harvard Style Citation - Format, Citation and Samples
Published on: May 14, 2018
Last updated on: Dec 28, 2022
On This Page On This Page
Like APA, MLA, and IEEE, Harvard is also a distinct and separate citation style guide. Like other citation styles , it is commonly used by the students and researchers of humanities and sciences like social, behavioral, and natural. It is also known as parenthetical referencing and follows the author-date citation format. Working with this style, the name of the original author and the date of publication is added in the parenthesis at the end of the cited phrase or quote.
The style follows both the in-text citations and a reference list at the end of the paper. Unlike Chicago and IEEE, the Harvard citation style is comparatively simple and easy to follow as it is a lot like APA and may not include footnotes.
In this Harvard-style citation guide, we will guide you about how to format the citations and references of different sources including websites, books, journals, etc. Continue to know more about it.
What Is Harvard Citation Style?
Harvard citation is a parenthetical referencing style that follows the author and date format. The citation is added in the parenthesis at the end of the paraphrased and quoted lines and contains the surname of the author, followed by the date of publication. The whole reference is added to the references list at the end.
The references are arranged alphabetically and with the last name of the author and the date of publication. The Harvard-style paper does not have footnotes and endnotes and only the list of references is added at the end of the paper.
How to do Harvard Citation and Referencing?
Harvard citation is different from other referencing styles like APA , MLA , and Chicago style and has its own distinct structure and referencing structure. Since it is somewhat like the APA referencing style, students often get confused when working on their Harvard-style papers and assignments.
The following things are included when doing the Harvard formatting and citation.
- In-Text References
- List of References
- Website and Blogs
- Journal and Newspaper Article
- Newspaper Article on a Website or Database
- Print Magazines
- eBooks and PDFs
- Archived Content
- Conference Proceedings
- Court Cases
- Dictionary Entries
- Films, DVDs, and Videos
- Encyclopedia Articles
- Government Publications
- Lectures and Presentations
- Press Releases
- Religious Texts
All of these factors are added in the Harvard style paper and to know about them in detail, please refer to the following sections.
Harvard Style In-Text Citation
In-text references are different from the list of references. The parenthesis is added at the end of the quotes and paraphrased content, in the Harvard citation the last name of the author, year of publication, and the page number.
They are shorter than the full references in the list at the end. For example:
- Williams (2016, p. 200) explainsâŠâŠâŠâŠ.
- (Williams, 2016, p. 200)
When adding the in-text, you can either add the complete in-text reference at the end of the added quote or paraphrased content. Besides, you can also add it by mentioning the last name of the author and year in the sentence.
Harvard Citation List of References
The complete list of references is added at the end of the paper and in an alphabetical format. The Harvard reference includes the last name of the author, year of publication, the title of the book, article or journal, place of publication, publisher, and page numbers of the book or journal.
For example:
- Last name, First Initial. (Year published). Title. City: Publisher, Page(s).
When finding the references for your paper or essay, make sure that they are credible and from recognized sources.
The same format is used when making the bibliography. But the bibliography will be a separate list and will be added after the page of references. The reference list includes the works used as references in the paper while in the bibliography, all the works you have consulted while research is added.
Harvard Citation for Website and Blogs
Besides books and other print material, students often use online sources like websites and blogs for research and reference. These websites could be government websites or other websites that are built to guide the students.
Harvard-style referencing for websites includes the full name of the author, as presented on the website, year of publication, the title of the article, and the web link. For example:
Caleb S. (Literature, Marketing)
Caleb S. has been providing writing services for over five years and has a Masters degree from Oxford University. He is an expert in his craft and takes great pride in helping students achieve their academic goals. Caleb is a dedicated professional who always puts his clients first.
People also read
Citation Styles: APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian
MLA Format and Citation - Step by Step Guide
APA Format - A Complete Guide With Examples
APA vs MLA - Comparison Between the Formats
How to Cite in Chicago Style - Examples and Tips
How to Cite in IEEE Citation and Format Your Papers
How to Cite in ASA Format - Helpful Examples and Samples
How to Cite in AMA Style Citation - Format and Examples
How to Cite in ACS Citation - Manual for the Chemical Society
How to do NLM Citation: A Step by Step Guide
A Complete AAA Citation Guide with Examples
APSA Citation Guide: Citations and References
How to Cite in Oxford Referencing Style - Learn All About It
Share this article
Keep reading
We value your privacy
We use cookies to improve your experience and give you personalized content. Do you agree to our cookie policy?
Website Data Collection
We use data collected by cookies and JavaScript libraries.
Are you sure you want to cancel?
Your preferences have not been saved.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Formatting a Harvard style bibliography Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading 'Reference list' or 'Bibliography' appears at the top. Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used: Harvard bibliography example Harvard reference examples
Your publisher will have a given style they prefer. For further assistance with citation styles or locating these materials at Harvard Library, Harvard affiliates can contact our Ask a Librarian. (Please specify the citation style and your Harvard school/department for the most expedient assistance.) APA Style
Harvard is the most common referencing style used in UK universities. In Harvard style, the author and year are cited in-text, and full details of the source are given in a reference list. To automatically generate accurate Harvard references, you can use Scribbr's free reference generator: Harvard Reference Generator Note
Our generator will automatically locate the source details and format them in the correct Harvard format. You can make further changes if required. Then either copy the formatted reference directly into your reference list by clicking the 'copy' button, or save it to your MyBib account for later. đ What other versions of Harvard referencing exist?
The Harvard citation style is a system that students, writers and researchers can use to incorporate other people's quotes, findings and ideas into their work in order to support and validate their conclusions without breaching any intellectual property laws.
The Harvard referencing system is known as the Author-Date style. It emphasizes the name of the creator of a piece of information and the date of publication, with the list of references in alphabetical order at the end of your paper. Unlike other citation styles, there is no single, definitive version of Harvard Style.
Mendeley Supports Responsible Sharing Learn how you can share. Products. Reference Management; Datasets; Careers; Premium Packages
Harvard bibliography style for referencing journals include author names and other details. The basics include author or authors and their surname followed by initials. Then publication year should be added along with an article title and journal title. If volume is present, then journal's volume number and issue number should be included as well.
Citation styles also differ in terms of how you format the reference list or bibliography entries themselves (e.g., capitalization, order of information, use of italics). And many style guides also provide guidance on more general issues like text formatting, punctuation, and numbers. ... Harvard in-text citation (Hoffmann, 2016) Check out ...
Formatting rules for Harvard Title page: Paper title is fully capitalised and centered. Should be placed at approximately 33% of your page counting from its top. Your name as an author, centered and placed at the middle of your page. Course name at approximately 66% of the page. Instructor's name on a new line. University's name. Submission date.
If you need to reference a specific location on a website, you can use paragraph numbers in place of page numbers (abbreviated 'para.' in your in-text citation). Citation styles for different online sources. This section will elaborate on the citation style to be utilized for the following sources, along with examples for each source type.
Harvard referencing is a system that allows you to include information about the source materials. It is based on the author-date system. It includes references: 1) as in-text citations and 2) in a reference list (which is different from a bibliography). In-text citations: (Author Surname, Year Published).
Harvard style is one of the most popular formatting styles used in academic papers, along with APA, MLA, and Chicago. Harvard format dictates the general format of the paper, including the size of the margins, preferred font, etc. It also contains rules for citing sources â both in the text and in the list of references at the end of the paper.
Very specific question on Harvard in-text citations: If I have a sentence that ends with a parenthetical statement and also needs a citation, how should it be formatted? Am at a UK uni in social science, if that matters.
MyBib is a free bibliography and citation generator that makes accurate citations for you to copy straight into your academic assignments and papers. If you're a student, academic, or teacher, and you're tired of the other bibliography and citation tools out there, then you're going to love MyBib.
7 ambridge 213.14 1.4526 F 1.45.589 www.hup.harvard.edu Guidelines C. Reference Style: Special Issues 1. Full and short citations; "ibid." Use a full citation the first time a work is referred to in each chapter. Use the short title for subsequent citations within the same chapter. For example:
The Harvard citation style is a system that students, writers and researchers can use to incorporate other people's quotes, findings and ideas into their work in order to support and validate their conclusions without breaching any intellectual property laws. ... Reference list / bibliography examples: Book, one author: Bell, J. (2010) Doing ...
Referencing consists of two elements: in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author (s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date.
According to the recommendations developed by the Sheffield University taken as the basis for the Harvard system on Grafiati, the following criteria apply when ordering a list of references under Harvard: References are sorted in alphabetical order based on the first author's name.
The authors should be listed in alphabetical order. Two or three authors or authoring bodies When citing a work by two or three authors or authoring bodies, cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page: (Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995) In-Text & Reference List Examples Last Updated: Jan 11, 2023 1:26 PM
Elsevier Harvard 2 Citation Generator. Choose your source: Website Book Journal
Harvard citation is a parenthetical referencing style that follows the author and date format. The citation is added in the parenthesis at the end of the paraphrased and quoted lines and contains the surname of the author, followed by the date of publication. The whole reference is added to the references list at the end.