cse citation no date

One author or editor: (Wong 2006) Two authors: (Fasulo and Walker 2007) Three or more authors: (Bormann et al. 2007) Organization as author: (American Dietetic Association 2006) No author? Use title: (Cool energy; the renewable solution to global warming 1991) No date? Use "[date unknown].": (Texas endemics: distribution of family Amaryllidaceae [date unknown])

Prokaryotic cells, the bacteria, number in the tens of thousands of species (Prescott 1992). or Prescott (1992) notes that prokaryotes occur in nearly every earthly environment, including on plant roots.

Please note: A much more recent version of the Prescott article is in AccessScience , the online version of the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.

Listing Your References

In the Name-Year system, references appear in alphabetical order.

**If you have a type of source not covered by the example reference list below, ask a librarian to show you the CSE style manual, Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers , 8th ed. Chicago, IL: Council of Science Editors; 2014. REF T11 .S386 2014.

Reference List Examples by Type of Reference

Online (web) sources indicated with double plus sign ++

Note: Write down the URL and date accessed for citations when downloading. They may not appear on printouts.

SPECIALIZED REFERENCE WORKS

Other works.

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Example - Cited References

Note: This is an example of an integrated list of all references.

American Dietetic Association. 2006. Nutrition diagnosis: a critical step in the nutrition care process. Chicago: American Dietetic Association. 173 p.

Birkland TA. 1998 Sep. In the wake of the Exxon Valdez; how environmental disasters influence policy. Environment 40(7):4-9, 27-32.

Bisio A, Boots S, editors. 1997. The Wiley encyclopedia of energy and the environment. New York: Wiley.

Bormann BT, Haynes RW, Martin, JR. 2007 Feb. Adaptive management of forest ecosystems: did some rubber hit the road? Bioscience. 57(2):186-191.

Brasseur GP, Prinn RG. 2012. Stratospheric ozone. In AccessScience @ McGraw-Hill: encyclopedia of science and technology online [database on the Internet]. 2007-14 ed. [New York]: McGraw-Hill. [accessed 2015 Aug 13]. Available from: http://www.accessscience.com/.

Broad WJ. 2007 Sep 28. Useful mutants, bred with radiation. New York Times 156(54,050):D1, D6.

Brody, J. 2007 Aug 21. Cutting cholesterol, an uphill battle. The New York Times [Internet]. [accessed 2007 Sep 27]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/21brod.html?_r=1&oref=slogin.

Cain DW, Kelsoe G. 2010. Inflammation: acute. In: eLS: encyclopedia of life sciences [database on the Internet] 2001-2015 ed. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [accessed 2015 Aug 13]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/mrw/advanced/search?doi=10.1002/047001590X.

Chiuchiolo AL, Dickhut RM, Cochran MA, Ducklow HW. 2004. Persistent organic pollutants at the base of the Antarctic marine food web. Environmental Science & Technology 38(13):3551-3557. In: Academic Search Complete [database on the Internet]. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO [accessed 2006 Sep 5]. 7p. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/.

Chiuchiolo AL, Dickhut RM, Cochran MA, Ducklow HW. 2004. Persistent organic pollutants at the base of the Antarctic marine food web. Environmental Science & Technology 38(13):3551-3557. In: American Chemical Society Publications: Journals and Magazines [database on the Internet]. Washington (DC): ACS; c2000-2007 [accessed 2007 Aug 22]. Available from: http://pubs.acs.org/about.html.

Cool energy; the renewable solution to global warming. 1991 May. Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists.

Eun JP, Koh GY. 2004 Apr 30. Suppression of angiogenesis by the plant alkaloid, sanguinarine [abstract]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 317(2):618-24. In: PubMed [database on the Internet]. Washington (DC): NLM [accessed 2007 Aug 22]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/.

Fasulo M, Walker P. 2007. Careers in the environment. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 343 p.

McKusick VA et al., editors. 2007 Sep. OMIM, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Database [Internet]. Johns Hopkins University and

National Center for Biotechnology Information. [accessed 2007 Sep 27]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM.

Prescott DM. 1992. Cell (biology). In: McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and technology. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Volume 3, p332-337.

Rollin, BE. The unheeded cry: animal consciousness, animal pain, and science [Internet]. Ames (IA): The Iowa State University Press; 1998 [accessed 2007 August 27]. Available from: http://www.netlibrary.com

Style Manual Committee. 2006. Books, technical reports, and monographs. In: Style Manual Committee, Council of Biology Editors, editors. Scientific style and format; the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers. New York: Rockefeller University Press. p468-489.

Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group. [date unknown]. Texas endemics: distribution of family Amaryllidaceae [Internet]. Flora of Texas Consortium web site. [accessed in 2007 Sep 27]. Available from: http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/endemics_map_page2?fam=Amaryllidaceae.

Travis J. Toxin trumped. 2002. Science News Aug 17:99. In: Academic Search Complete [database on the Internet]. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO [accessed 2007 Aug 22]. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/.

Uretsky S, Davidson T. 2015. Antacids. In: Gale encyclopedia of medicine [database on the Internet]. 5th ed. Vol. 1. Farmington Hills (MI): Gale. [accessed 2015 Aug 13]. (Gale Virtual Reference Library). p. 290-292. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL.

Wong DW. 2006. The ABCs of gene cloning. New York: Springer. 242p.

ACC Library Guide Series Last updated: 3/15/10-mp; 9/14/15-lc

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CSE Name-Year

In this CSE citation system, references in your text give the last name of the author or authors and the year of publication within parentheses. These parenthetical refer to sources listed at the end of the document.

In-text references

CSE’s name-year in-text reference takes the form of the author’s last name and the year of publication, in parentheses.

Cite a source written by one author

The rapid discovery of the unique mechanisms underlying crown gall disease demonstrated how quickly an area could advince given significant investment and competition (Zambryski 1988).

Cite a source written by two authors

Initial infection of tubers by H. solani occurs in the field either from the seed tuber (Jellis and Taylor 1977) or soil (Merida and Loria 1994).

Cite a source written by three or more authors

For example, terrestrial carbon can play a central role in supporting lake food webs (Pace et al. 2004), while the problem of aquatic ecosystem eutrophication is driven by urban and agricultural land use that contributes nutrients to downstream aquatic systems (Carpenter et al. 1998).

Where to cite

Cite sources as close as practicable to the information they support. This might mean citing a source at the end of a sentence or in the middle of a sentence. This might lead to long sentences, with citations immediately following the topics with which those sources are associated:

Although “target” ranges of MUN have been proposed (Hof et al. 1997; Kohn et al. 2002), its use as a management tool on farms remains uncertain because of permanent or temporary effects specific to herds (e.g., rolling herd average for milk production; Rajala-Schultz and Saville 2003), cows within a herd (e.g., breed, parity, stage of lactation; Godden et al. 2001), DHI test-day level of milk production (Johnson and Young 2003), method of sampling (morning vs. evening; Godden et al. 2001), method of analysis (Peterson et al. 2004; Kohn et al. 2004), and time-dependent factors such as month (Arunvipas et al. 2003) or season (Godden et al. 2001).

If you name your author in the sentence near the citation, you do not need to repeat that name in the citation itself:

In this study we develop a conceptual model for understanding the linkages between aquatic habitats and the surrounding terrestrial landscape, building on ideas presented by Polis and Hurd (1996) and Gasith and Hasler (1976) who examined spatial linkages between islands and the surrounding sea and terrestrial organic inputs into lakes, respectively.

Cite a source written by an organization

When citing an organization, corporation, or university as an author, use an abbreviation or acronym to avoid interrupting your text with a long citation.

Holstein dairy cows in the Dairy Herd Improvement program born in 2009 compared to 1990 had a 28-percent-greater milk yield (26,861 pounds vs. 20,959 pounds) (AIPL 2011).

Here is what the reference list entry for this source would look like:

AIPL (Animal Improvement Program Laboratory), USDA. 2011. Trend in milk BV for Holstein [Internet]. [Cited 20 June 2013.] Available from http://aipl.arsusda.gov/eval/summary/trend.cfm?R_Menu=HO#StartBody.

Cite a work cited by your source (secondary citation)

Secondary citations refer to material that you have not seen in its original form but rather have obtained from another document that cited the original source. In the 2006 edition of the CSE Manual, secondary citations are not listed as a valid form of citation. Instead, find and cite the original source.

Quote or excerpt a source

Although CSE provides rules for how to quote or excerpt sources, in practice almost no scientists publishing in journals that use CSE documentation choose to quote sources. Instead, these authors paraphrase or simply cite authors.

When you quote or excerpt a source, include an in-text reference to help your reader see what source you are quoting from. The seventh edition of the CSE Manual does not provide specific rules for identifying the page number or other location information for that source.

The below examples demonstrate how journals adapt CSE’s guidelines to include page numbers after the year of publication:

Farmers participating in these knowledge networks, Hassanein writes, “challenged the power relations in agricultural knowledge production and distribution by relying on their own and members’ experiential knowledge” (Hassanein 1997, 304). Similarly, Hayward, Simpson, and Wood (2004:95) describe “a mythologizing of the power of participatory methodologies to accomplish problem solving, emancipation or empowerment.”

Cite multiple sources in a sentence

Multiple works by different authors.

Put the sources in chronological order from oldest to most recent (and alphabetically if published in the same year). Separate studies by semicolon:

Readers curious about plant pathogenic bacteria are encouraged to explore the following and other older sources, which describe key research questions that remain unsolved (Smith 1920; Walker 1963; Schuster and Coyne 1974; Vidaver 1981; Mount and Lacy 1982; Starr 1984; Billing 1987; Nester 2004). Theoretical studies suggest that plant diversity is a primary determinant of animal diversity (Hutchison 1959; Rosenzweig 1995; Knops et al. 1999), and experimental work has demonstrated a positive relationship between plant diversity and upper trophic-level diversity (Siemann 1998; Siemann et al. 1998; Knops et al. 1999; Koricheva et al. 2000; Haddad 2001).

Multiple works by the same author or set of authors (different years)

Cite them by naming the author, or set of authors, once and listing the years separated by commas:

Similarly, a series of epidemiological studies of P. syringae as a bean epiphyte and pathogen by Hirano and Upper laid the foundation for elegant experiments showing that type III secreted effectors and the Gac regulon are each critical for epiphytic fitness in the field; these important phenotypes were invisible in the controlled environment of a growth chamber (Upper and Hirano 1996; Hirano et al. 1997, 1999).

Multiple works by the same author or set of authors (same year)

Add a letter after the year to help your reader see which source in your reference list you mean. Assign letters chronologically, so that the work that was published first is listed, for example, as 2002a.

Mobile organisms that regularly traverse ecosystem boundaries have the capacity to deliver nutrients and energy, and affect consumers within a recipient ecosystem (Lundberg and Moberg 2003) including vertebrate (Sabo and Power 2002b) and invertebrate taxa (Henschel et al. 2001b, Yang 2006).

Here is what the end references for the Sabo and Power sources look like:

Sabo JL, Power ME. 2002a. River-watershed exchange: effects of riverine subsidies on riparian lizards and their terrestrial prey. Ecology 83(7): 1860-1869. Sabo JL, Power ME. 2002b. Numerical response of lizards to aquatic insects and short-term consequences for terrestrial prey. Ecology 83(11): 3023-3036.

Multiple works by the same first author but by different additional authors (same year)

If you are citing works published by the same first author in the same year but with different groups of additional authors, CSE’s official rule is that you should name as many authors as necessary for your reader to be able to distinguish each source.

Recent studies investigating the location of the Vitamin D3 receptor (Wang and DeLuca 2011; Wang, Borchert, et al. 2012; Wang, Marling, et al. 2012; Wang, Zhu, et al. 2012) suggest that . . .

However, many publishers simplify this rule so that the primary author in a group of 3 or more total authors authors is classed as one group. In other words, “Wang et al.” counts as one author, even though the “et al.” may be different people on different studies:

Recent studies investigating the location of the Vitamin D3 receptor (Wang and DeLuca 2011; Wang et al. 2012a, 2012b, 2012c) suggest that . . .

End references and the reference list

The goal of your reference list is to help your reader identify each numbered source quickly and clearly. CSE has standardized the information to be provided for ease and predictability of reading.

What to call your reference list

“Reference list” is CSE’s generic term for the list of sources at the end of your document. Your list should be given a more formal title: References or Cited References . If you used some documents as sources but did not cite them in your paper, list them alphabetically by author under the heading Additional References .

Format your end references

Otegui MS, Kiessling LL, Batzli J.

Allen C, Bent A, Charkowski AO. 2009. Bennett AB, Gratton C. 2012. Bennett AB, Gratton C. 2013. Gratton C, Vander Zanden MJ. 2009

The fat-soluble vitamins: handbook of lipid research 2.

In vitro and in vivo reconstitution of the cadherin-catenin-actin complex from Caenorhabditis elegans.

Livestock Prod Sci. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. J Dairy Sci.

Annu Rev Phytopathol. 50:425-49. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 24(7):773-86.

Examples of end references

References for books follow the order Author(s). Year. Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher. Extent.

Allen C, Prior P, Hayward AC. 2005. Bacterial wilt: the disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. St. Paul (MN): APS Press 508 p.

[A book’s extent in number of pages (“508 p.” in the example above) is optional but provides useful information.]

Book chapter

References for chapters or other parts of a book follow the order Author(s). Year. Chapter title. In: Editor(s). Book title. Place of publication: publisher. Page numbers for that chapter.

Allen, C. 2007. Bacteria, bioterrorism, and the geranium ladies of Guatemala. In: Cabezas AL, Reese E, Waller M, editors. Wages of empire: neoliberal policies, repression, and women’s poverty. Boulder (CO): Paradigm Press. p. 169-177. Otegui MS. 2007. Endosperm: development and molecular biology. In: Olson OA, editor. Endosperm cell walls: formation, composition, and functions. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer-Verlag. p. 159-178.

Journal article

References for journal articles follow the order Author(s). Year. Article title. Abbreviated journal title. Volume(issue):pages.

To save space, CSE suggests that writers abbreviate the titles of journals in according to the ISO 4 standard, which you can read about at ISSN. You can also search ISSN’s List of Title Word Abbreviations.

Flores-Cruz Z, Allen C. 2011. Necessity of OxyR for the hydrogen peroxide stress response and full virulence in Ralstonia solanacearum. Appl Environ Microbiol. 77(18):6426-6432. Powell JM, Wattiaux MA, Broderick GA. 2011. Evaluation of milk urea nitrogen as a management tool to reduce ammonia emissions from dairy farms. J Dairy Sci. 94(9):4690-4694 Wang Y, Zhu J, DeLuca HF. 2012. Where is the vitamin D receptor? Arch Biochem Biophys. 523(1):123-33.

Journal article found online

Reference list information for articles found online adds a medium designator—[Internet], including the brackets—at the end of the title of the journal, as well as a citation date and a URL.

The CSE Manual does not explicitly require this information if the online content is identical to the print content.

Werling BP, Lowenstein DM, Straub CS, Gratton C. 2012. Multi-predator effects produced by functionally distinct species vary with prey density. J Insect Sci [Internet]. [cited 12 Sep 2013];12(30). Available from: insectscience.org/12.30 8 Bennett AB, Gratton C. 2013. Floral diversity increases beneficial arthropod richness and decreases variability in arthropod community composition. Ecol Appl [Internet]. [cited 12 Sep 2013];23(1):86-95. Available from: http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2013/03/Ecological-Applications.pdf

Internet resource

Williamson RC. 2004. Deciduous tree galls [Internet]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Madison; [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/pddc/files/Fact_Sheets/FC_PDF/Deciduous_Tree_Galls.pdf ASAP: systematic annotation package for community analysis of genomes [Internet]. 2013. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Madison; [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://www.genome.wisc.edu/tools/asap.htm Stem Cell Research Oversight Committee. 2009. University of Wisconsin-Madison policy for multisite research studies using human pluripotent stem cells [Internet]. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Madison; [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://www.grad.wisc.edu/admin/committees/scro/documents/MultisiteresearchpolicyFinal.pdf

Government document

Working Group on Diversity in the Biomedical Research Workforce (US). 2012. Draft report diversity in the biomedical research workforce [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from http://acd.od.nih.gov/Diversity%20in%20the%20Biomedical%20Research%20Workforce%20Report.pdf

Dissertation

Oliver SS. 2012. Context dependent protein interpretation of the histone language [dissertation]. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 238 p.

Conference presentation or lecture

If a conference paper is subsequently published, either in the proceedings of the conference or in a journal, cite as a chapter in a book or as an article in a journal. Otherwise, cite as follows.

Vierstra R. 2011. Atomic perspectives on phytochrome photoactivation and signaling. Paper presented at: Steenbock 35. Proceedings of the 35th Steenbock Symposium on Advances in Biomolecular NMR; Madison, WI.

References for this page

All examples on this page are taken from publications by UW-Madison professors, postdocs, and graduate students. Note that CSE doesn’t call for hyperlinks.

Allen C, Bent A, Charkowski AO. 2009. Underexplored niches in research on plant pathogenic bacteria. Plant Physiol [Internet]. [Cited 20 June 2013.] 150(4):1631-1637. Available from http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/150/4/1631.full Bennett AB, Gratton C. 2012. Measuring natural pest suppression at different spatial scales affects the importance of local variables. Environ Entomol. 41(5):1077-85. Bennett AB, Gratton C. 2013. Floral diversity increases beneficial arthropod richness and decreases variability in arthropod community composition. Ecol Appl. 23(1):86-95. Charkowski A, Blanco C, Condemine G, Expert D, Franza T, Hayes C, Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat N, Lopez Solanilla E, Low D, Moleleki L, et al. 2012. The role of secretion systems and small molecules in soft-rot enterobacteriaceae pathogenicity . Annu Rev Phytopathol. 50:425-49. Dreyer J, Hoekman D, Gratton C. 2012. Lake-derived midges increase abundance of shoreline terrestrial arthropods via multiple trophic pathways . Oikos [Internet]. [Cited 20 June 2013.] 121:252-258. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2012/04/Dreyer-et-al.-2012-Lake%E2%80%90derived-midges-increase-abundance-of-shorelin.pdf Gratton C, Vander Zanden MJ. 2009. Flux of aquatic insect productivity to land: comparison of lentic and lotic ecosystems. Ecology 90(10):2689-2699. Lyon A, Bell MM, Croll NS, Jackson R, Gratton C. 2010. Maculate conceptions: power, process, and creativity in participatory research . Rural Sociology [Internet]. [cited 20 Jun 2013];75(4):538-559. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2012/01/Lyons-et-al-2010-Rural-Soc-Maculate-conceptions.pdf Lyon A, Bell MM, Gratton C, Jackson R. 2011. Farming without a recipe: Wisconsin graziers and new directions for agricultural science . J Rural St [Internet]. [cited 20 June 2013];27:384-393. Available from http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/gratton/files/2012/01/Lyon_Farmingworecipe2011.pdf Mattupalli C, Genger RK, Charkowski AO. 2013. Evaluating incidence of Helminthosporium solani and Colletotrichum coccodes on asymptomatic organic potatoes and screening potato lines for resistance to silver scurf. Am J Potato Res [Internet]. [Cited 20 June 2013.] Available from http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs12230-013-9314-3.pdf Thomas DL. 2012. Utilization and potential of estimates of genetic value from an industry perspective . Sheep & Goat [Internet]. 27:13-15. Wang Y, DeLuca HF. 2011. Is the vitamin d receptor found in muscle? Endocrinology. 152(2):354-63. Wang Y, Borchert ML, Deluca HF. 2012a. Identification of the vitamin D receptor in various cells of the mouse kidney . Kidney Int. 81(10):993-1001. Wang Y, Marling SJ, Zhu JG, Severson KS, DeLuca HF. 2012b. Development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice requires vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 May 29;109(22):8501-4. Wang Y, Zhu J, DeLuca HF. 2012c. Where is the vitamin D receptor? Arch Biochem Biophys. 523(1):123-33.

Council of Science Editors Documentation

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CSE Table of Contents

Citation-Sequence and Citation-Name

Scientific Style (CSE) Citation Examples

Authors-END REFERENCE

Cse scientific style guide.

For more information, see section 29.3.6.1, page 566-571 of Scientific Style and Format .

Begin the in-text reference with the first word or first few words of the title, followed by an ellipsis.

Use only as many words of the title as needed to distinguish from other titles.

In-Text Reference Example:

The pivital report on the effects of cigarette smoking on lungs (Handbook. . .1988) was. . .

End Reference Example:

Handbook of cancer treatments. 1988. Springhouse (PA): Springhouse.

For more information, see section 29.2.1.2.6 of Scientific Style and Format .

Possible Organizations Used as Authors: university, corprporation, government body, etc.

For more information, see section 29.3.6.1.2, page 507 of Scientific Style and Format (linked to in the box to the right).

References List Example (order by publication date) :

In Text Example (order by publication date in the same parentheses):

Drought and cold weather effect the harvesting of corn (Mardis 2013a, 2013b) by. . .

For more information, see section 29.2.1.2.2 of Scientific Style and Format (linked to in the box to the right).

Citation Styles & Help: CSE

Writing Center

The Writing Center offers individual appointments with a writing consultant. Writing Center Consultants will give honest feedback about where the writing confuses them, or loses them, particularly interests them, leaves them needing additional explanation or support, and the like. They can help writers to organize their arguments more effectively by asking them, for example, what the organizing principle at work in the current draft is.

Writing Center 503-370-6959 [email protected]

Schedule an appointment, view student associates, and view hours. Support for students whose home language is not English will also be provided.

CSE (Print)

CSE Style Guide

The Council of Science Editors (CSE) style is designed for the general sciences including biology. These examples are based on the Name-Year style of the 2006 scientific style and format guide, 7th edition. You need to cite your sources in two places within your paper: in-text and bibliography

Part I outlines how to cite a paraphrased summary of an author's words or work within your paper.

Part II outlines how to create an alphabetical list of references at the end of your paper that lists anything you cite.

PART I: CITING IN-TEXT

There are three types of in-text citation options for the CSE: Name-Year, Citation-Sequence, Citation-Name. Willamette uses the Name-Year option. In-text references consist of paraphrased descriptions of research done by others. Parentheses are placed around the author's surname and year of publication. Quotes are rarely used in scientific publications.

PART II: THE REFERENCE LIST

The reference list is located at the end of a document under the heading "Reference," "Cited References," Literature Cited," or "Bibliography." It alphabetically lists and matches the sources cited within the text, including tables and figures.

Zotero is a reference manager designed to store, manage, and cite bibliographic references, such as books and articles. It also is a powerful tool for collecting, organizing, and sharing research information and sources.

This free, open source tool works with Macs and PCs (a beta version for Chromebooks has recently been released). Download both desktop and browser extension for it to work with Google Docs and MS Word. References also can be copied and pasted.

Setup instructions and more info at: Libguides.willamette.edu/zotero

For help contact: Bill Kelm, [email protected] or John Repplinger, [email protected]

Citation Guide: Council of Science Editors (Name-Year System)

The Council of Science Editors scientific style of documentation is used primarily in the physical sciences, life sciences, and mathematics. CSE offers two systems for documenting sources: 1) a Citation-Sequence system, 2) a name-year system. This guide explains the CSE Name-Year system, which his very similar to the Author-Date system used by the APA (refer to APA guide for more information and specific formatting examples).

Inserted at the point of reference, an in-text parenthetical citation containing the author's name and the date of publication interacts with the end documentation by pointing to a specific entry in the References List .

This guide is based on Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (8th ed.) 2014 , a publication of the Council of Science Editors. Formatting examples are also based upon the National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation Supplement: Internet Formats . 2 nd Ed. 2007. [Updated Aug 2015].

[Guide Updated Jul 2017]

Citing Sources within Your Document

The CSE Name-Year in-text citation system follows a parenthetical format rather than the superscripted numbers found in the CSE Citation-Sequence system. It emphasizes authors' names and dates of publication, both of which are important benchmarks denoting relevancy and validity in the social and the hard sciences.

In some cases, chapters, paragraphs and page numbers are required. Regardless of contents, the parenthetic citation should immediately follow the cited material within a sentence and before the period if it is at the end of the sentence. In the case of quoted material, the citation is placed between the final quotation mark and the period at the end of the sentence.

CSE Name-Year In-Text Formatting Rules

CSE Name-Year in-text formatting rules are as follows:

Specific rules depend on whether part or all of a source is being cited as well as whether or not the author's name is mentioned in the sentence where the citation occurs.

Examples of Name-Year In-Text Formatting Rules

1. Citing an Entire Source

When citing an entire work, document the last name of the author and the year of publication. No page numbers are necessary. The citation format will vary according to whether the author's name is mentioned in the sentence being cited.

Author Name Not Included in Preceding Sentence

Format : Cite both the last name of the author and the publication date. The citation is placed in parentheses directly following the information being cited. When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (the Period). One space separates the author's name and the date.

In one such study (Anderson 1997)...

Author Name Included in Preceding Sentence

Format : When the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, you may omit this name from the parentheses to avoid redundancy, using only the date. The date (in parentheses) should follow directly after mention of the author's name.

Anderson (1997) determined that...

When you cite a specific part of a source, document the last name of the author, the year of publication, AND the page numbers (or chapter, section, line numbers) where the cited material may be found. The citation format varies according to whether the author's name is mentioned in the sentence being cited.

Format : Cite all three elements (author name, date, and page numbers or chapter) in parentheses, directly following the information being cited. When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (the period). One space separates the author's name and the date, and one comma separates the date and the page number (or chapter, etc.). The abbreviation "p" or "pp" precedes the page number(s).

In one such study (Anderson 1997, p 27)...

Format : Place the year of publication within parenthetical note directly after the author's name. In the case of a quote, paraphrase or specific piece of information, follow the date with a comma and page number(s). When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (the period).

Anderson (1997, p 312) determined that...

Examples of Variations to Name-Year In-Text Formatting Rules

1. Citing Anonymous Sources

Format : The word "Anonymous" replaces an author's name in the parenthetic citation of a work authored by an anonymous source rather than the abbreviated title. The reference list entry begins the same way.

Critics occasionally mention the difficulty of interpreting findings like these (Anonymous 1995).

Format : Include first name initials of all in-text cited authors when other authors in your References List have the same last name.

K.K. Sullivan (1962) and D. Sullivan (1996) came to similar conclusions about the effects of this treatment method.

Format: Sources with Two Authors Mention all names in the parenthesis. Do not use an ampersand (&) for "and" between names.

One study (Zoerner and Stephens 1994) is particularly notable.

Format: Sources with Three or More Authors : Name only the first author followed by the words "and others". When two references with multiple authors shorten to the same "and others" form include as many names, separated by commas, as necessary to distinguish between the two references.

Example 1 :

One study (Pelech and others) found that...

Example 2 :

One study (Edmands, Wardrop, Thomas, and others (1993) found...

Another study (Edmands, Wardrop, Reid, and others (1993) argue that...

Note: The References entries for the above citations would be as follows:

Edmonds, Wardrop, Thomas, Nesbitt, Keifer, and Palmquist (1993)Edmonds, Wardrop, Reid, Thomas, LeCourt, and Russell (1993)

Format : The names of group authors may be mentioned in full in texts with few citations, or they may be shortened in all citations subsequent to the first when there are many; however they must unequivocally point to the correct entry in the References list.

Where the References List entry looks like:

Bas Bleu Theatre Company. 1998. 1998 NEA Grant Application for…

The first in-text citation will look like:

The grant proposal (Bas Bleu Theatre Company [BBTC] 1998) was an important effort to support the arts in the community.

And a subsequent in-text citation will look like:

The proposal requested new and increased salaries for theatre staff (BBTC 1998).

Format: Two or More Sources by Same Author When you are citing two or more works by the same author in one parenthetical note, list the name of the author only once, followed by the publication dates of the various works in order of year of publication.

Psychologists have arrived at this conclusion in the past (Tripp 1987, 1994, 1995).

Format: Two or More Sources Published by Same Author in Same Year When, in one parenthetical note, you are citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, be sure to distinguish between the two by assigning them letter suffixes ("a," "b," etc.). These designations will be consistent with those you have given the works in the reference list.

Past research (Johnson 1983a, 1983b) has revealed interesting patterns.

Format: Two or More Sources by Different Authors When you refer to works by different authors within the same parenthetical note, separate them by using semicolons and arrange them according to their publication dates. Arrange alphabetically when publication years are identical.

Several studies (Evens 1992; Dorer 1994; Bundy 1996) have contributed to our current understanding of this phenomenon.

Note: Include the phrase "cited in" when citing a "second-hand" source (i.e., by way of another source) and include an entry for both in the References list.

This process (Perina 1912, cited in Huges 1935) was instrumental in arriving at certain of the conclusions presented after the experiment.

Citing Sources at the End of Your Paper

The end documentation in the CSE Citation-Sequence system is called the References list. It is located at the end of a document or book and contains all the bibliographic information needed to find out more about each cited source within the text.

This page is a selective bibliography and does not include a full accounting of sources related to or consulted before you began writing your document, but only those actually cited. You may want to include sources that directly informed your thinking but aren't explicitly cited in the text on a separate page entitled Additional References . Further reading suggestions or a fuller bibliography should be placed on yet another page entitled Additional Reading or Bibliography .

Proper CSE documentation depends on the References page. Without it the in-text numbers would make little sense as they would no longer be pointing at any corresponding entries in the end documentation.

CSE References Formatting Rules

CSE References formatting rules call for the end documentation to begin on the last page of your document, not on a separate one. If your document is 6½ pages long, the References list should begin on page 7, directly below the concluding text of your document.

The References list formatting rules are as follows:

CSE Bibliography formatting rules differ slightly from the References rules:

Examples of CSE Name-Year References Formatting

Books and book parts.

Note: For consistency, book entries should be formatted with the initials of authors and editors first names when the References list includes journal article entries [for which the rule calls for using initials rather than the first names of authors and editors] as well.

1. Book with One or More Authors

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [Followed by Last Name and Initial(s) of Other Authors, if Any]. Year of Publication. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher. Number of Pages.

Bates B. 1992. Bargaining for life: a social history of tuberculosis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 435 p.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, [Followed by Last Names and Initials of Other Editors, if any], editors. Year of Publication. Title of book. Information about Edition (if applicable). Place of Publication: Publisher. Number of Pages.

Coovadia HM, Benatar SR, editors. 1991. A century of tuberculosis: South African perspectives. Cape Town: Oxford University Press; 319 p.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author. Year of Publication. Title of book. Last Name and Initial(s) of Translator, translator; Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, editor. New York: Publisher. Number of Pages. Note.

Ferrand J. 1990. A treatise on lovesickness. Beecher A, Ciavolella M, translators and editors. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 709 p. Translation of the 1623 edition.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by Last Names and Initials of Other Authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of book [type of microtext]. Place of Publication: Microform Publisher. Number of reels. Type of Film.

Fortney S. 1986. Bedrest in healthy women [microfiche]. Springfield (VA): National Technical Information Service. 2 microfiches: negative.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last name and initial(s) of other authors]. Year of Publication. Title of volume. Volume Number, Title of multivolume work. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Howard J, Strauss A. 1975. Humanizing health care. Volume 1, Health, medicine, and society. New York: Wiley.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of book. Place of Publication: Publisher. Part or chapter title; inclusive pages.

Lamartine de Assis J. 1900. Miastenia grave. Sao Paulo: Sarvier. Historia da miastenia grave; p 19-20.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author of Chapter or Part, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of chapter or part. In: Last Name and Initial(s) of Author or Editor of Book [followed by last names and initials of other authors or editors, if any], editor(s). Title of book. Edition information. Place of Publication: Publisher. Inclusive Page Numbers.

Hansen B. 1991. New York City epidemics and history for the public. In: Harden VA, Risse GB, editors. Aids and the historian. Bethesda: National Institute of Health. p 21-8.

Scholarly and Professional Journals

Note: When there are between two and ten authors, list all authors in the entry. When there are more than ten, list only the first ten.

1. General Format for Journal Articles

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any 7 ]. Year Month and Day of Publication. Article title. Journal title [abbreviated according to the National Information Standards Organization] Volume Number (Issue Number): Inclusive Page Numbers.

Wilton P. 1992 May 15. The Toronto Free Hospital for Consumptive Poor. Can Med Assoc J 146 (10): 1812-14.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. New dangers in our field [type of article]. Title of Journal Volume: Inclusive Page Numbers.

Besho F, Kobayashi N. 1993. A historical sketch of pediatric hematology and oncology in Japan [editorial]. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 10(2): v-viii.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of article. Title of Journal Volume (Issue): Inclusive Page Numbers.

Besho F, Kobayashi N. 1993. A historical sketch of pediatric hematology and oncology in Japan Pediatr Hematol Oncol 10(2): v-viii.

Format : Last Name and Initials of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of article. Title of Journal Volume Number: First Set of Inclusive Pages, Second Set, etc.

Weisse AB. 1992. A plague in Philadelphia. The story of Legionnaires' disease. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 27(6): 151-4, 157, 161-8.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of article. Title of Journal Volume (Issue Supplement Number): Inclusive Page Numbers.

Feindel W. 1991. Development of surgical therapy of epilepsy at the Montreal Neurological Institute. Can J Neurol Sci 18(4 Suppl): 549-53.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of article. Title of Journal Volume and Supplement Number: Inclusive Page Numbers.

Rahe RH. 1990. Psychosocial stressors and adjustment disorder: van Gogh's life chart illustrates stress and disease. J Clin Psychiatry 51 Suppl: 13-9.

Newspaper and Magazine Articles

1. Signed Newspaper Articles

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year Month Day of Publication. Title of article. Title of Newspaper; Section Information: Page Number (and Column Designation).

Condon G. 1996 Aug 4. Don't take those pills on an empty spirit. Dallas Morning News; Sect 5: 7.

Format : [Anonymous]. Year Month Day of Publication. Title of article. Title of Newspaper; Section Designation: Page Number.

[Anonymous]. 1998 Jul 3. Dr. Paul O. Hagemann physician and professor. St. Louis Post-Dispatch;Sect B: 5.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year and Month of Publication. Title of article. Title of magazine: Inclusive Page Numbers.

Darson D, Milano MG, Barry C. 1996 Feb. Religion: the forgotten factor in health care. The World & I: 292.

Conference Proceedings, Papers and Abstracts

Formats for conference proceedings vary according to whether their titles are the same as the conference or not; formats for papers and abstracts presented at a conference vary according to whether they are published in the proceedings with an individual title or with the same title as the conference.

1. Proceeding Titles that Share Conference Titles

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, [followed by last names and initials of other editors, if any], editor(s). Year of Publication. Description of proceedings and Title of Conference; Year Month Days of Conference; Location of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher. Number of Pages.

Powers JD, Powers TE, editors. 1984. Proceedings of the 10th annual food animal medicine conference: the use of drugs in food animal medicine; 1984 Sep 25-26; Columbus, Ohio. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press. 310 p.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, [followed by last names and initials of other editors, if any], editor(s). Year of Publication. Title of proceedings. Title of Conference; Year Month Days of Conference; Place of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher. Number of Pages.

Irvin AD, Cunningham MP, Young AS, editors. 1981. Advances in the control of Theileriosis. International Conference held at the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases; 1981 Feb 9-13; Nairobi. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 427 p.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of paper. In: Description of proceedings and Title of Conference; Year Month and Days of Conference; Location of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher. Page Numbers.

Gingerich DA. 1984. Pharmacokinetics of drugs used for therapy of the mammary gland. In: Kalter RJ. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Food Animal Medicine Conference; 1984 Sep 25-26; Columbus, OH. Columbus: The Ohio State University. p 117-35.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of paper. In: Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, [followed by last names and initials of other editors, if any], editor(s). Title of proceedings. Title of Conference; Year Month and Days of Conference; Conference Location. Place of Publication: Publisher. Page Numbers. (Series Information, if applicable.)

Walker AR, McKellar SB. 1981. Preliminary observations on the density of sporozoites of Theileria Annulata. In: Irvin AD, Cunningham MP, Young AS, editors. Advances in the control of Theileriosis. Proceedings of an International Conference held at the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases; 1981 Feb 9-13; Nairobi. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p 125-26.

Format : Last Name and Initials of Author [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. Title of abstract [abstract]. In: Title of proceedings/conference; Year Month and Days of Conference; Location of Conference. Place of Publications: Publisher. Page Numbers. Abstract Number [if available].

Willoughby E. 1995. A neglected treatise on headache [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of the Auckland Medical Historical Society; 1994 Aug; Auckland, New Zealand. Auckland: Pyramid Press. p 419.

Scientific and Technical Reports

Formats for scientific and technical reports vary according to the organization responsible for the report.

1. U.S. Government Report Authored by a Government Agency or Dept.

Format : Name of Performing Organization (US) [Abbreviation of Name of Performing Organization]. Year and Month of Publication. Title and description of report. Place of Publication: Publisher. Number of Pages or Volumes. Availability Statement.

Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and Health (US) [DOE]. 1993 Aug. Office of Occupational Medicine. Annual report. Washington, DC: DOE. 14 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DE-93018387.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any] (Name of Performing Organization). Year of Publication. Title and description of report. Place of Publication: Publisher or Sponsoring Organization. Report Number. Contract Number. Number of Pages. Availability Information.

Lenz TG, Vaughan JD, Cooper LN (Colorado State University). 1993. Study of improved methods for predicting chemical equilibria. Final Report 1 Jan 90-31 Mar 93. Washington: Department of Energy. Report nr DOE/ER/13582-T3. Contract nr FG02-86ER13582. 33 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfied, VA; DE-94001647.

Format : Name of Performing Organization [abbreviation of performing organization]. Year and Month of Publication. Title and description of report. Place of Publication: Publisher. Report Number. Number of Pages.

Gas Research Inst. [GRI], Institute of Gas Technology. 1992 Feb. Computerized operations management. Final report Feb 1992. Chicago (IL): Transport and Storage Research Dept. Report nr PB94-12203, PB94-122041. 1009 p. in 2 v.

Dissertations, Theses and Patents

1. Dissertation or Thesis

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author. Date of Degree. Title of dissertation or thesis [dissertation or thesis]. Place of Degree-Granting Institution: Degree-Granting Institution. Number of pages. Availability Information. Identifying Information.

Mangie ED. 1991. A comparative study of the perceptions of illness in New Kingdom Egypt and Mesopotamia of the early first millenium [dissertation]. Akron (OH): University of Akron. 160 p. Available from: University Microfilms, Ann Arbor MI; AAG9203425.

Umezawa H, Suzuki S, Ohkuma T, inventors; Zaidan Hojin Biseibutsu Kagaka, assignee. 1989 Oct 24. Medical composition for injection containing a spergualin as active ingredient and process for preparing the same notag [stabilizers of dextrans, cyclodextrins, and chodroitin sulfate; anticarcinogenic agents, immunomodulators]. US patent 4,876,244.

Legal Materials

Note: The NLM ( National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation ) does not offer its own guidelines for documenting legal references. The CSE instead defers to A Uniform System of Citation (HLRA 1992) and offers the formats below, based on their recommendations.

1. Court Cases

Format : Title of Case , Volume Source Page Numbers (Court and Date)

Meyer v. State of Nebraska ., 262 U.S. 390 (S.Ct. 625 1923)

Format : Title of Statute, Volume Number Source Section Number § (Year of Publication)

Farm Credit Act. 42 U.S.C.A. § 410 (1959

Note: This example was taken from CSE's Scientific Style and Format (p 663).

Format : Senate Bill Number, Number of Congress, Number of Session Section Number § (Year).

S. 2830, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. § 8 (1980).

Format : Resolution Number, Legislation Number, Session Number, Year Collection of Laws

H.R.J. Res 1, 40th Leg., 2d Spec. Sess., 1974 Utah Laws 7

Format : Title of Hearing , Number of Congress, Session Number (Year)

U.S. Policy in the Persian Gulf: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , 101st Cong., 2nd Sess. (1990)

Media Sources

1. Film or Video Recording

List the director and producer (if available), the date of release, the title, the medium in square brackets (“Motion picture,” “DVD,” or “Blu-Ray disc”), the country where the film was made, and the studio or distributor.

Example(s) :

Nichols, J. (Director). (2016). Loving [Motion picture]. United States: Focus Features.

2. Sound Recording

List the author of the song; the date; the song title, followed by “On” and the recording title in italics; the medium in square brackets; and the production data. If the song was recorded by an artist other than the author, add “Recorded by” plus the artist’s name in square brackets after the song title and the recording year in parentheses after the production data.

Clapton, E. (2016). Catch the blues. On I still do [CD]. Encinitas, CA: Bushbranch/Surfdog Records.

3. Television or Radio Program

List the director, writer, producer, host, or reporter (if available); the broadcast date; the title, followed by “Television” or “Radio” and “broadcast” or “series episode” in square brackets; the name of the series; and the city and name of the broadcaster.

Bee, S. (Host). 2016, February 15). Episode 2 [Television series episode]. In Full Frontal with Samantha Bee . Atlanta, GA TBS.

Digital Sources

Note: CSE lists formats for a variety of digital sources. For more specific formatting examples, visit the Council of Science Editors website.

1. Online Journal Articles

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors]. Year of Publication. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title [medium]; Volume (Issue): Inclusive Page Numbers [if available]. Availability Information. Date of Access.

Loker WM. 1996. "Campesinos" and the crisis of modernization in Latin America. Jour of Pol Ecol [serial online]; 3(1). Available: http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_3/ascii-lokeriso.txt via the INTERNET. Accessed 1996 Aug 11.

Format : [Abbreviated Name of Corporate Author, if appropriate] Name of Corporate Author. Year of Publication. TITLE OF MONOGRAPH [monograph online]. Place of Publication: Publisher; [Update Information, if appropriate]. Availability Information. Date of Access.

University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Services. 1998. RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE PERIMENOPAUSAL PATIENT IN CLINICAL PRACTICE [monograph online]. Available from: Femhealth, http: //peri-menopause.com. Accessed 1999 May 20.

This example was taken from CSE's Scientific Style and Format (p 669).

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Year of Publication. NAME OF PROGRAM [medium]. Version. Place of Publication: Publisher. Physical Description. System Requirements.

Rosenberg V, Ghalambor C, Rycus P, Thomas R. 1988. PRO-CITE [computer program]. Version 1.4. Ann Arbor (MI): Personal Bibliographic Software. 3 computer disks: color, 5 1/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual. System requirements: IBM PC, XT, AT, PS/2 or any 100% compatible computer; 320K RAM; DOS 2.0 or higher.

Note: This example was taken from CSE's Scientific Style and Format (p 668).

Format : [Abbreviated Name of Corporate Author] Corporate Author. Year of Publication. NAME OF PROGRAM [medium]. Version. Place of Publication: Publisher. Physical Description. Accompanying material. System requirements.

[NLM] National Library of Medicine. 1990. GRATEFUL MED [computer program]. Version 5.0. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine. 5 computer disks: 5 1/4 in.; or 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 user's guide; 1 troubleshooting guide. System requirements: IBM PC family or fully compatible computer; DOS 2.0 or higher; Hayes Smartmodem or fully compatible modem; 384K RAM required, 512K RAM recommended; 1 or more floppy drives; hard disk with a minimum of 2 MB of free space strongly recommended.

Note: This example was taken from the National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation Supplement: Internet Formats . (p 49).

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of Database. Version. Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of Publication [Date of Update/Revision; Date of Citation].

Prevention News Update Database [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Prevention Information Network. 1988 Jun - [cited 2001 Apr 12]. Available from: http://www.cdcnpin.org/db/public/dnmain.htm

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author ; Title of Webpage [Internet]. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication [Date of Update/Revision; Date of Citation]. Available from: (Insert URL)

British Medical Journal [Internet]. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ; 2004 July 10; Available from: http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/

Format : Author of Message. Title of Message. Message to: Message Recipient. Date of Publication [Date of Citation].

Harris JP. RE: determining rH factor [Internet]. Message to: Adam Zacharias. 1998 Feb 23, 12:08 pm [cited 1998 Feb 28].

Format : Author of Message. Title of Message. In: Title of List. [Place of Publication: Publisher]; Date of Publication; Date of [Citation date]. Numeration of Message. Available from: Insert URL

Kennedy J. AMA Physician Characteristics. In: Medlib. [NY: Univ of Buffalo]; 2001 December week 3, [Cited 2004 July 10]. 1. Available from: http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A1=ind0112c&L=medlib-l

9. Web Document

Format : For a stand-alone Web source such as a report, or a section within a larger website, cite as much of the following information as possible: author, publication date, document title, and URL. If the content is likely to be changed or updated, include your retrieval date.

Matz, M. (2016, March 24). Five reasons to protect the Cherokee National Forest. Retrieved from http://www.pewtrusts.org/.

10. Blog Post or Comment

Format : To cite an entry on a blog, give the author (or screen name, if available), the date the material was posted, and the title of the entry. Include the description “Blog post” or “Blog comment” in square brackets and provide the URL.

Wade, L. (2016, March 10). Does your vote affect public policy? [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2016/03/10/does-your-vote-affect-public-policy/.

11. Facebook Post

Format : Start with the author’s name exactly as it appears and the date of the post. Give the first few words of the post in place of the title, and include the label “Facebook post” in square brackets. Include the retrieval date and the URL. If the Facebook page is private and will not be accessible to readers, cite it as you would cite personal communication within the body of your text, not in the reference list.

Macmillan Learning. (2016, April 28). College readiness and remediation go hand in hand [Facebook post]. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/MacmillanLearn/

12. Twitter Post

Format : Use the author’s real name, if possible, followed by the screen name in brackets. Include the entire tweet in place of the title, followed by the label “Tweet” in square brackets. End with the URL.

Applebaum, Y. (2016, March 29). I can say as a historian, with a fair amount of confidence, that scholars will certainly mine social media in the future – they already are [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/YApplebaum/status/714822912172285952

13. Podcast

Format : Give the name of the producer, the date of the podcast, and the title. Include a description in square brackets and the URL.

Blumberg, A. (Host). (2015, November 15). The Secret Formula. StartUp [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://gimletmedia.com/episode/16-the-secret-formula/

14. Online Video

Format : Give the name of the creator, the date it was posted, and the title. Include a description in square brackets and the URL.

Neistat, C. (2012, November 3). Staten Island hurricane destruction [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Wr9594oKZNQ#

15. Computer Software or Game

Format : Sometimes a person is named as having rights to the software or game: in that case, list that person as the author, followed by the date in parentheses. Identify the source in square brackets as “Computer software” or “Computer game.” End with the place of publication and the publisher, or list the URL if the software is available online. If the creator is unknown, begin with the name of the software or game, followed by the label in square brackets and the date in parentheses. End with the locatin and publisher or URL. If you are referring to a specific version that isn’t included in the name, put this information last.

Rosetta Stone Spanish (Latin America) Level 1 [Computer software]. (2010) Arlington, VA: Rosetta Stone.

Unpublished Work

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Letter Author(s). [Description and Date of Letter]. Located at: Repository and Location of Repository.

Bacon F. [Letters to various Tudor notables, ca. 1630]. Located at: The James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection, Yale University Beineke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

Format : Title of Document. [Description and Date of Document]. Located at: Repository and Location of Repository.

Box account book. [Accounts of wholesale druggist Henry Box, 1629-42]. Located at: The James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection, Yale University Beineke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

Format : Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of Forthcoming Document. Abbreviated Title of Journal and Year of Forthcoming Publication (if known). Forthcoming.

Pohl PS, Winstein C. Practice effects on the less-affected upper extremity after stroke. J Am Cong Rehab Med. Forthcoming.

Additional CSE Resources

Printed Resources:

Council of Science Editors. Scientific style and format: The CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers. 8th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press; 2014. 825 p.

National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation Supplement: Internet Formats. 2 nd Ed. 2007. [Updated Aug 2015].

Electronic Resources:

The official Council of Science Editors web site, updated regularly, is the comprehensive guide to all things CSE: the organization, its journals, products and services.

The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center, CSE Documentation

Citation Information

Will Allen, Ellen Palmquist, Peter Connor, Heidi Scott, and Laurel Nesbitt. (1994-2023). Citation Guide: Council of Science Editors (Name-Year System). The WAC Clearinghouse. Colorado State University. Available at https://wac.colostate.edu/repository/resources/writing/guides/.

Copyright Information

Citation Styles

Chicago Style

What is CSE?

Citing your sources in cse style, reference list citations for common source types, cse manual in the library.

How to cite in CSE

1. Citation-Sequence System

Reference List:

2. Citation-Name System

3. Name-Year System

Citation - sequence and citation - name:

Basic format:

Author(s). Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date.

Schott J, Priest J. Leading antenatal classes: a practical guide. 2nd ed. Boston (MA): Books for Midwives; 2002.

Name - year :

Author(s). Date. Title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher.

Schott J, Priest J. 2002. Leading antenatal classes: a practical guide. 2nd ed. Boston (MA): Books for Midwives.

Newspaper Articles

Citation - Sequence and Citation - Name:

Author(s). Title of article. Title of newspaper (edition). Date; section:beginning page of article (column no.).

Weiss R. Study shows problems in cloning people: researchers find replicating primates will be harder than other mammals.

Washington Post (Home Ed.). 2003 Apr 11;Sect. A:12 (col. 1).

Name - Year:

Author(s). Date. Title of article. Title of newspaper (edition). Section:beginning page of article (column no.).

Weiss R. 2003 Apr 11. Study shows problems in cloning people: researchers find replicating primates will be harder than other

mammals. Washington Post (Home Ed.). Sect. A:12 (col. 1).

Journal Articles

Author(s). Article Title. Journal title. Date;volume(issue):location.

Smart N. A practical guide to exercise training for heart failure patients. J. Card Fail. 2003;9(1):49 - 58.

Author(s). Date. Article Title. Journal title. Volume(issue):location.

Smart N. 2003. A practical guide to exercise training for heart failure patients. J. Card Fail. 9(1):49 - 58.

Title of Homepage. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date of publication [date updated; date accessed]. URL.

APSnet: plant pathology. St. Paul (MN): American Phytopathological Association; c1994 - 2005 [accessed 2005 Jun 20].

http://www.apsnet.org/.

Title of Homepage. Date of publication. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; [date updated; date accessed]. URL.

APS net : plant pathology. c1994 - 2005 . St. Paul (MN): American Phytopathological Association; [accessed 2005 Jun 20].

Author(s). Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; date of publication [date update; date accessed]. URL.

Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. Introduction to genetic analysis. 7th ed. New York (NY):

W. H. Freeman & Co.; c2000 [accessed 2005 May 31]. http://www.ncbi .nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View.. Show TOC &rid=iga.TOC.

Name - Year :

Author(s). Date of publication. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: publisher; [date updated; date accessed]. URL.

Griffiths AJF, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. c2000. Introduction to genetic analy sis. 7th ed. New York (NY):

W.H. Freeman & Co.; [accessed 2005 May 31]. http://www.ncbi .nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View.. Show TOC &rid=iga.TOC.

Online Journal Articles

Citation - Sequence and Citation-Name:

Author(s). Title of article. Title of journal (edition). Date of publication [date updated; date accessed];volume(issue): location. URL. doi.

Savage E, Ramsay M, White J, Beard S, Lawson H, Hunjan R, Brown D. Mumps outbreaks across Eng land and Wales in 2004:

observational study. BMJ. 2005 [accessed 2005 May 31];330(7 500):1119 - 1120. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/ reprint/330/7500 /1119.

doi: 10.1136/bmj.330.7500.1119.

Author(s). Date of publication. Title of article. Title of journal (edition). [date updated; date accessed];volume(issue): location. URL. doi.

Savage E, Ramsay M, White J, Beard S, Lawson H, Hunjan R, Brown D. 2005. Mumps outbreaks across England and Wales in 2004:

observational study. BMJ. [accessed 2005 May 31];330 (7500):1119 - 1120. http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/ reprint/330/750 0/1119.

doi: 10.1136 /bmj.330.7500.1119.

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CSE Style Guide: Name-Year Examples
Place the words 'date unknown' within square brackets in the in-text reference. Include [date unknown] in the end reference also. Rarely, will
CSE Citation Style
Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, 7th edition. Call number: T 11 .S386 2006 Reference at: KAM.
In Text References
No date: For online sources if the publication year cannot be determined use the year of access. For print sources use [date unknown]:. Example:
CSE Name Year Styling
The CSE style offers several methods of citing your references. ... No date? Use "[date unknown].": (Texas endemics: distribution of family Amaryllidaceae
CSE Name-Year Citation Style Guide
Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers, which is located in the Reference section of both the. Macdonald Campus Library (call number:
CSE Name-Year
In this CSE citation system, references in your text give the last name of the author or authors and the year of publication within parentheses.
Authors
Authors-END REFERENCE · Place family designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation (convert roman numerals to Arabic ordinals).
CSE
Occasionally it is not possible to determine any date associated with a publication. If the document was found online, use the date you viewed
Citation Guide: Council of Science Editors (Name-Year System)
This guide is based on Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (8th ed.) 2014, a publication of the Council of
CSE Style
When citing two different sources that have authors with the same surname and publication year, include the authors' first initials in the in-